Figures 23-28. Posterior view of Madagopsina surstyli 23-25 M. apollo species group 26-28 M. apographica species group 23 M. apollo 24 M. makayensis Feijen, Feijen & Feijen, sp. nov. 25 M. parvapollina 26 M. apographica 27 M. freidbergi 28 M. tschirnhausi. Scale bar 0.1 mm (all drawn to the same scale). Figures 25-28 (Feijen et al. 2018, figures 187, 184, 186, 188).1Fore femur incrassate in females (ratio length/width 3.4-3.5) and males (ratio length/width 3.2-3.7) (Figs 2, 4), pleurotergal spines laterally directed (Fig. 2), dark preapical wing band (width 18-20% of wing length) as broad as central band and equal in colour (Figs 9-11), abdomen club-shaped (ratio length/broadest width ≤ 3) (Fig. 8), tergites glossy, ratio length sternites 1+2+3/width posterior sternite 2 2.8-3.1, posterior arm of phallapodeme longer than anterior arm (ratio ~ 1.05-1.40) (Fig. 21)2 (Madagopsina apollo species group)-Fore femur moderately incrassate to slender in females (ratio length/width 4.6-6.0) and males (ratio length/width 4.6-6.3), pleurotergal spines posterolaterally directed, dark preapical wing band (width 13-14% of wing length) distinctly narrower than central band and darker (Figs 12-14), abdomen slender (ratio length/broadest width ~ 4), tergites thinly pollinose with a pair of pollinose lateral spots on tergite 3, ratio length sternites 1+2+3/width posterior sternite 2 4.1-4.8, posterior arm of phallapodeme shorter than anterior arm (ratio ~ 0.71-0.93)4 (Madagopsina apographica species group)2Large - females on average 9.6 mm (range 8.3-10.2), males on average 9.5 mm (range 8.0-10.1), inner vertical seta 0.8 × stalk diameter, small apical seta (23% of length of scutellar spine), male sternite 5 without combs, apophysis of surstylus short (~ 30% of length of surstylus) and bulbous (Fig. 23), subanal plate heart-shaped with bulbous lateral areasMadagopsina apollo-Medium-sized - females on average 6.1 mm (range 5.4-6.8), males on average 6.3 mm (range 5.6-7.0) or just larger to 7.3 mm (M. makayensis Feijen, Feijen & Feijen, sp. nov.), inner vertical seta 1.6-1.7 × stalk diameter (Figs 1, 3), medium-sized apical seta (37-43% of length of scutellar spine) (Fig. 2, 7), male sternite 5 with or without posterior combs of spine-like setulae, apophysis of surstylus long (> 55% of length of surstylus) and slender (Figs 24, 25), subanal plate triangular (not yet known for M. makayensis Feijen, Feijen & Feijen, sp. nov.)33Body length of male 7.3 mm, apical seta 45% of length of scutellar spine, anterior central hyaline wing spot in cell r2+3 and not extending into cell r1 (Fig. 10), fore femora with ~ 48 tubercles, male sternite 5 without combs, surstylus and its apophysis both apically broadening and rounded (Fig. 24)Madagopsina makayensis Feijen, Feijen & Feijen, sp. nov.-Body length males on average 6.3 mm (range 5.6-7.0), apical seta on average 37% of length of scutellar spine, anterior central hyaline wing spot in cells r1 and r2+3 (Fig. 11), fore femora with ~ 36 tubercles, male sternite 5 with posterior combs of spine-like setulae, surstylus and its apophysis both straight, slender and not apically broadening (Fig. 25)Madagopsina parvapollina4Inner vertical seta 2.3 × stalk diameter, femur 1 moderately incrassate in females and males (ratio length/width in both sexes 4.6), ratio scutellar spine/scutellum 2.1-2.3, dark preapical wing band rather vague but slightly darker than central band (Fig. 14), basal wing band extending through cell br (Fig. 14), cell br with microtrichia on apical half, tergite 3 with a pair of tiny posterolateral pollinose spots, surstylus strongly curved (Fig. 28)Madagopsina tschirnhausi-Inner vertical seta 1.1-1.4 × stalk diameter, femur 1 slender in females (ratio length/width 5.3-5.9) and males (ratio length/width 5.3-6.3), ratio scutellar spine/scutellum 2.5-3.1, dark preapical wing band distinct and much darker than central band (Figs 12, 13), basal wing band not extending anteriorly of vein M1 (Figs 12, 13), cell br with microtrichia only on apical 10%, tergite 3 with laterally a pair of large pollinose spots, surstylus straight (Figs 26, 27)55Inner vertical seta 1.4 × stalk diameter, femur 1 slender in females and males (ratio length/width 5.3), ratio scutellar spine/scutellum 2.9-3.1, preapical dark band uniformly dark, only paler in cell r1 (Fig. 12), pollinose spots on tergite 3 posterolaterally located, ♀ sternite 8 divided in two sclerites, apophysis of surstylus less than half the size of central surstylus (Fig. 26)Madagopsina apographica-Inner vertical seta 1.1 × diameter of stalk, femur 1 very slender in females (ratio length/width 6.0) and males (ratio length/width 6.3), ratio scutellar spine/scutellum 2.5, preapical dark band with distinctly darker spot around vein R4+5 (Fig. 13), pollinose spots on tergite 3 mediolaterally located, ♀ sternite 8 a single sclerite, apophysis of surstylus equal in size to central surstylus (Fig. 27)Madagopsina freidbergi

Figures 23-28. Posterior view of Madagopsina surstyli 23-25 M. apollo species group 26-28 M. apographica species group 23 M. apollo 24 M. makayensis Feijen, Feijen & Feijen, sp. nov. 25 M. parvapollina 26 M. apographica 27 M. freidbergi 28 M. tschirnhausi. Scale bar 0.1 mm (all drawn to the same scale). Figures 25-28 (Feijen et al. 2018, figures 187, 184, 186, 188).1Fore femur incrassate in females (ratio length/width 3.4-3.5) and males (ratio length/width 3.2-3.7) (Figs 2, 4), pleurotergal spines laterally directed (Fig. 2), dark preapical wing band (width 18-20% of wing length) as broad as central band and equal in colour (Figs 9-11), abdomen club-shaped (ratio length/broadest width ≤ 3) (Fig. 8), tergites glossy, ratio length sternites 1+2+3/width posterior sternite 2 2.8-3.1, posterior arm of phallapodeme longer than anterior arm (ratio ~ 1.05-1.40) (Fig. 21)2 (Madagopsina apollo species group)-Fore femur moderately incrassate to slender in females (ratio length/width 4.6-6.0) and males (ratio length/width 4.6-6.3), pleurotergal spines posterolaterally directed, dark preapical wing band (width 13-14% of wing length) distinctly narrower than central band and darker (Figs 12-14), abdomen slender (ratio length/broadest width ~ 4), tergites thinly pollinose with a pair of pollinose lateral spots on tergite 3, ratio length sternites 1+2+3/width posterior sternite 2 4.1-4.8, posterior arm of phallapodeme shorter than anterior arm (ratio ~ 0.71-0.93)4 (Madagopsina apographica species group)2Large - females on average 9.6 mm (range 8.3-10.2), males on average 9.5 mm (range 8.0-10.1), inner vertical seta 0.8 × stalk diameter, small apical seta (23% of length of scutellar spine), male sternite 5 without combs, apophysis of surstylus short (~ 30% of length of surstylus) and bulbous (Fig. 23), subanal plate heart-shaped with bulbous lateral areasMadagopsina apollo-Medium-sized - females on average 6.1 mm (range 5.4-6.8), males on average 6.3 mm (range 5.6-7.0) or just larger to 7.3 mm (M. makayensis Feijen, Feijen & Feijen, sp. nov.), inner vertical seta 1.6-1.7 × stalk diameter (Figs 1, 3), medium-sized apical seta (37-43% of length of scutellar spine) (Fig. 2, 7), male sternite 5 with or without posterior combs of spine-like setulae, apophysis of surstylus long (> 55% of length of surstylus) and slender (Figs 24, 25), subanal plate triangular (not yet known for M. makayensis Feijen, Feijen & Feijen, sp. nov.)33Body length of male 7.3 mm, apical seta 45% of length of scutellar spine, anterior central hyaline wing spot in cell r2+3 and not extending into cell r1 (Fig. 10), fore femora with ~ 48 tubercles, male sternite 5 without combs, surstylus and its apophysis both apically broadening and rounded (Fig. 24)Madagopsina makayensis Feijen, Feijen & Feijen, sp. nov.-Body length males on average 6.3 mm (range 5.6-7.0), apical seta on average 37% of length of scutellar spine, anterior central hyaline wing spot in cells r1 and r2+3 (Fig. 11), fore femora with ~ 36 tubercles, male sternite 5 with posterior combs of spine-like setulae, surstylus and its apophysis both straight, slender and not apically broadening (Fig. 25)Madagopsina parvapollina4Inner vertical seta 2.3 × stalk diameter, femur 1 moderately incrassate in females and males (ratio length/width in both sexes 4.6), ratio scutellar spine/scutellum 2.1-2.3, dark preapical wing band rather vague but slightly darker than central band (Fig. 14), basal wing band extending through cell br (Fig. 14), cell br with microtrichia on apical half, tergite 3 with a pair of tiny posterolateral pollinose spots, surstylus strongly curved (Fig. 28)Madagopsina tschirnhausi-Inner vertical seta 1.1-1.4 × stalk diameter, femur 1 slender in females (ratio length/width 5.3-5.9) and males (ratio length/width 5.3-6.3), ratio scutellar spine/scutellum 2.5-3.1, dark preapical wing band distinct and much darker than central band (Figs 12, 13), basal wing band not extending anteriorly of vein M1 (Figs 12, 13), cell br with microtrichia only on apical 10%, tergite 3 with laterally a pair of large pollinose spots, surstylus straight (Figs 26, 27)55Inner vertical seta 1.4 × stalk diameter, femur 1 slender in females and males (ratio length/width 5.3), ratio scutellar spine/scutellum 2.9-3.1, preapical dark band uniformly dark, only paler in cell r1 (Fig. 12), pollinose spots on tergite 3 posterolaterally located, ♀ sternite 8 divided in two sclerites, apophysis of surstylus less than half the size of central surstylus (Fig. 26)Madagopsina apographica-Inner vertical seta 1.1 × diameter of stalk, femur 1 very slender in females (ratio length/width 6.0) and males (ratio length/width 6.3), ratio scutellar spine/scutellum 2.5, preapical dark band with distinctly darker spot around vein R4+5 (Fig. 13), pollinose spots on tergite 3 mediolaterally located, ♀ sternite 8 a single sclerite, apophysis of surstylus equal in size to central surstylus (Fig. 27)Madagopsina freidbergi

Table 1. Differential character states for the Madagopsina apollo species group and Madagopsina apographica species group.CharacterMadagopsinaMadagopsina apollo species groupMadagopsina apographica species groupheadaristabasal half finely microtrichosealmost barethoraxscutum length/width0.80-0.880.93-0.95pleurotergal spineslaterally directedposterolaterally directedwingwidth dark preapical band/wing length0.18-0.200.13-0.14dark preapical bandas broad as central band and equal in colourdistinctly narrower than central band and darkerfemur 1ratio length/width ♀3.4-3.54.6-6.0ratio length/width ♂3.2-3.74.6-6.3abdomenshapeclub-shapedslenderratio length/broadest width≤3~4tergite 3no spotsone pair of lateral spotssternite 2 length/width1.2-1.61.9-2.8length St1+St2+St3/ width posterior St22.8-3.14.1-4.8genitaliaratio posterior/anterior arm of phallapodeme1.1-1.40.7-0.9

Table 1. Differential character states for the Madagopsina apollo species group and Madagopsina apographica species group.CharacterMadagopsinaMadagopsina apollo species groupMadagopsina apographica species groupheadaristabasal half finely microtrichosealmost barethoraxscutum length/width0.80-0.880.93-0.95pleurotergal spineslaterally directedposterolaterally directedwingwidth dark preapical band/wing length0.18-0.200.13-0.14dark preapical bandas broad as central band and equal in colourdistinctly narrower than central band and darkerfemur 1ratio length/width ♀3.4-3.54.6-6.0ratio length/width ♂3.2-3.74.6-6.3abdomenshapeclub-shapedslenderratio length/broadest width≤3~4tergite 3no spotsone pair of lateral spotssternite 2 length/width1.2-1.61.9-2.8length St1+St2+St3/ width posterior St22.8-3.14.1-4.8genitaliaratio posterior/anterior arm of phallapodeme1.1-1.40.7-0.9