Abstract Purpose: This study examined the role and function of the kidney at high altitude in relation to fluid balance and the development of acute mountain sickness (AMS), avoiding confounders that have contributed to conflicting results in previous studies. Methods: We examined 18 healthy male volunteers (18 - 40 years) not acclimatized to high altitude while on a controlled diet and resting recumbently for 24 h at Lausanne (altitude: 560 m) followed by a period of 44 hours after reaching the Regina Margherita hut (4,559 m) by helicopter. Results: AMS scores peaked after 20 h at 4,559 m. AMS was defined as functional Lake Louise score ({\ge}) 2.There were no significant differences between 10 subjects with and 8 subjects without AMS for urinary flow, fluid balance and weight change. Sodium excretion rate was lower in those with AMS after 24 h at altitude. Microalbuminuria increased at altitude but not differently between the groups. Creatinine clearance was not affected by altitude or AMS, while sinistrin and PAH clearances decreased slightly, more markedly in those without AMS. Plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, atrial natriuretic factor and vasopressin increased while renin activity, angiotensin and aldosterone decreased at altitude. Hormones levels did not differ between those with and without AMS. Conclusions: 1) Renal function is not affected by hypoxia at 4,559 m in resting subjects except for minor microalbuminuria, 2) high altitude diuresis does not occur and 3) AMS is not associated with salt and water retention or renal dysfunction.

Abstract Purpose: This study examined the role and function of the kidney at high altitude in relation to fluid balance and the development of acute mountain sickness (AMS), avoiding confounders that have contributed to conflicting results in previous studies. Methods: We examined 18 healthy male volunteers (18 - 40 years) not acclimatized to high altitude while on a controlled diet and resting recumbently for 24 h at Lausanne (altitude: 560 m) followed by a period of 44 hours after reaching the Regina Margherita hut (4,559 m) by helicopter. Results: AMS scores peaked after 20 h at 4,559 m. AMS was defined as functional Lake Louise score ({\ge}) 2.There were no significant differences between 10 subjects with and 8 subjects without AMS for urinary flow, fluid balance and weight change. Sodium excretion rate was lower in those with AMS after 24 h at altitude. Microalbuminuria increased at altitude but not differently between the groups. Creatinine clearance was not affected by altitude or AMS, while sinistrin and PAH clearances decreased slightly, more markedly in those without AMS. Plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, atrial natriuretic factor and vasopressin increased while renin activity, angiotensin and aldosterone decreased at altitude. Hormones levels did not differ between those with and without AMS. Conclusions: 1) Renal function is not affected by hypoxia at 4,559 m in resting subjects except for minor microalbuminuria, 2) high altitude diuresis does not occur and 3) AMS is not associated with salt and water retention or renal dysfunction.

Two major semantic features of emotion concepts have been shown to impact performance in
emotion perception tasks: valence and arousal. To design psycholinguistic experiments with
emotion terms as stimuli, norms are required which indicate valence and arousal values for
individual words. Although such norms are usually obtained from ratings of adults, they are
often also used in developmental studies. This procedure raises the question of whether
children and adults perceive emotional valence and arousal of words in the same way, and
consequently, whether adults’ ratings are adequate when constructing stimulus sets for
children. The present study obtained valence and arousal ratings for 48 German emotion
terms from three different groups: 9-year-old children and adults tested in a controlled
laboratory setting, and adults tested via online survey. Results demonstrate high correlations
for valence and arousal across settings. The comparison between children and adults also
revealed high correlations, suggesting that children at the age of 9 already display adult-like
behavior in their evaluation of emotion terms. A small difference was found for absolute
rating values of arousal, with children rating words less arousing than adults. Overall, using
adults’ norms in developmental studies on word processing seems to be a valid procedure.

Two major semantic features of emotion concepts have been shown to impact performance in
emotion perception tasks: valence and arousal. To design psycholinguistic experiments with
emotion terms as stimuli, norms are required which indicate valence and arousal values for
individual words. Although such norms are usually obtained from ratings of adults, they are
often also used in developmental studies. This procedure raises the question of whether
children and adults perceive emotional valence and arousal of words in the same way, and
consequently, whether adults’ ratings are adequate when constructing stimulus sets for
children. The present study obtained valence and arousal ratings for 48 German emotion
terms from three different groups: 9-year-old children and adults tested in a controlled
laboratory setting, and adults tested via online survey. Results demonstrate high correlations
for valence and arousal across settings. The comparison between children and adults also
revealed high correlations, suggesting that children at the age of 9 already display adult-like
behavior in their evaluation of emotion terms. A small difference was found for absolute
rating values of arousal, with children rating words less arousing than adults. Overall, using
adults’ norms in developmental studies on word processing seems to be a valid procedure.

Data set of Papadopoulos, J., Domahs, F., & Kauschke, C. (2017). The Role of Sensory Perception, Emotionality and Lifeworld in Word Processing: Evidence from Congenital Blindness and Synesthesia. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. Online first: DOI 10.1007/s10936-017-9511-1.Data on request.

Data set of Papadopoulos, J., Domahs, F., & Kauschke, C. (2017). The Role of Sensory Perception, Emotionality and Lifeworld in Word Processing: Evidence from Congenital Blindness and Synesthesia. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. Online first: DOI 10.1007/s10936-017-9511-1.Data on request.