Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.LS3MIP.MPI-M.MPI-ESM1-2-LR' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The MPI-ESM1.2-LR climate model, released in 2017, includes the following components: aerosol: none, prescribed MACv2-SP, atmos: ECHAM6.3 (spectral T63; 192 x 96 longitude/latitude; 47 levels; top level 0.01 hPa), land: JSBACH3.20, landIce: none/prescribed, ocean: MPIOM1.63 (bipolar GR1.5, approximately 1.5deg; 256 x 220 longitude/latitude; 40 levels; top grid cell 0-12 m), ocnBgchem: HAMOCC6, seaIce: unnamed (thermodynamic (Semtner zero-layer) dynamic (Hibler 79) sea ice model). The model was run by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany (MPI-M) in native nominal resolutions: aerosol: 250 km, atmos: 250 km, land: 250 km, landIce: none, ocean: 250 km, ocnBgchem: 250 km, seaIce: 250 km.

Project: Effects of climate change on extreme sea levels in the North Sea under realistic consideration of external surges and atmosphere-ocean feedback mechanisms - This project aims at an understanding of regional impacts of global climate change on extreme sea level heights in the North Sea. Based on model results of high-resolution climate projections for the 21st century, both driving mechanisms and leading variability modes of sea level extremes at the continental North Sea coast shall be identified, including an in-depth analysis of potential future changes in the occurrence and dynamics of corresponding weather conditions. Particular focus will be laid on the investigation of the interplay of external and internal storm surges, tides and hydro-meteorological events, which are consistently simulated by a regionally coupled atmosphere-ocean climate system model. In principle, an ensemble of 30 members has been produced with the global climate model system MPI-ESM-LR for the historical (1950-2005) and RCP8.5 periods (2006-2099), which were subsequently directly regionalized with the regionally coupled MPIOM-REMO climate model system focusing the North Sea. ECCES is funded by the BMBF (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research) under grant number 01LP1901B. Moritz Mathis was funded by Germany's Excellence Strategy EXC 2037 CLICCS - Climate, Climatic Change, and Society with project No 390683824. Furthermore, we would like to thank the DKRZ (Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum, German Climate Computing Center) and their great support. Their computational resources were made available through funding support from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Summary: The global climate model system MPI-ESM-LR was applied to create an ensemble of 30 members for the historical period 1950-2005 and a continuation of the simulations for the RCP8.5 period 2006-2099. Additionally, a pre-industrial control run was performed for 1950-2099 with atmospheric pCO2 of 1850. All members were subsequently directly regionalized using the regionally coupled MPIOM-REMO climate model system consisting of the global ocean model MPIOM focused with its horizontal resolution on the North Sea and the regional atmospheric model REMO over the EURO CORDEX22 region (euro-cordex.net), which was fully coupled with MPIOM in this region. For extreme value analyses, certain variables were stored with hourly time step. Here, global sea surface height and regional (EURO CORDEX22) u and v wind components at 10 m above ground are available. Further data can be requested from the authors.

Project: open feed-in time series based on a Renewable Energy Database - The dataset was produced in the framework of the project openFRED. The data are dedicated to force energy system models, i.e. relevant parameters for wind energy (gust estimates), for solar energy (direct normal irradiation) and hydropower (runoff). The project was founded by Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie, FKZ: 0324006B. Summary: This is an atmospheric hindcast for Western Europe and the North Atlantic using COSMO-CLM version 5.0 with spectral nudging from 2002-2017. MERRA2 reanalysis data are used as forcing. Additionally transient and monthly aerosol data of the MACv2 climatology are prescribed. The model uses a rotated grid with 566 x 481 grid points and a grid point distance of 0.0625 degrees, the rotated North pole is located at 162.0 W, 39.25 N. The published data excludes the sponge zone and have 526 x 441 grid points. In rotated coordinates the published simulation data extends from 22.64 W to 10.18 E, 11.2 S to 16.3 N, in geographical coordinates this corresponds to about 12 W to 30 E, 39 N to 60 N. institution: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Germany source: int2lm_131101_2.00_clm4, COSMO-CLM5.0_clm14_aerosol_gust (available at DKRZ's LTA WDCC service) contact: http://coastmod.hzg.de originator: Ronny Petrik crs: EPSG:4326

Project: Storm Tide 1906 German Bight - Reconstruction of the storm tide 13 March 1906 in the German Bight by reanalysis datasets and weather maps by the Deutsche Wetterdienst. Summary: The hydrodynamic model TRIM-NP in a barotropic mode is used to simulate the strong storm tide in March 1906 forced by reconstructed weather data by the Deutsche Wetterdienst (DWD) and Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht. From georeferenced historical station data, pressure maps are drawn, digitised, and wind speed calculated from them. The model area covers the region of 20W to 30E and 42N to 65N with a spatial resolution of 12.8x12.8 km for grid 1. At the lateral boundaries of grid 1, the water level is calculated with tide model FES2004. TRIM-NP calculates one way nested with higher resolution the North Sea (with 6.4km, grid2), southern North Sea (with 3.2km, grid3) and the German Bight (with 1.6km, grid4). In this data bank, the datasets are available hourly for grid 2 and grid 4. Please contact the authors for grid 1 and grid 3. The datasets are visualised https://doi.org/10.5446/49529 or https://www.dkrz.de/projects-and-partners/projects/focus/stormtide1906. In additional experiments, the tides at the lateral boundaries are shifted backwards (up to minus six hours) or forward (up to plus six hours) in time to calculate the peak of the storm tide. The atmospheric forcing is not changed. Only the water levels from grid4 of this experiment are stored.

Project: Storm Tide 1906 German Bight - Reconstruction of the storm tide 13 March 1906 in the German Bight by reanalysis datasets and weather maps by the Deutsche Wetterdienst. Summary: The hydrodynamic model TRIM-NP in a barotropic mode is used to simulate the strong storm tide in March 1906 forced by ECMWF ERA-20C and CERA-20C ensemble of coupled climate reanalyses (https://www.ecmwf.int). The model area covers the region of 20W to 30E and 42N to 65N with a spatial resolution of 12.8x12.8 km for grid 1. At the lateral boundaries of grid 1, the water level is calculated with tide model FES2004. TRIM-NP calculates one way nested with higher resolution the North Sea (with 6.4km, grid2), southern North Sea (with 3.2km, grid3) and the German Bight (with 1.6km, grid4). In this data bank, the datasets are available hourly for grid 2 and grid 4. Please contact the authors for grid 1 and grid 3.

Project: Storm Tide 1906 German Bight - Reconstruction of the storm tide 13 March 1906 in the German Bight by reanalysis datasets and weather maps by the Deutsche Wetterdienst. Summary: The hydrodynamic model TRIM-NP in a barotropic mode is used to simulate the strong storm tide in March 1906 forced by NOAA-CIRES-DOE Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) version 2c and 3. datasets (https://portal.nersc.gov/project/20C_Reanalysis/). The model area covers the region of 20W to 30E and 42N to 65N with a spatial resolution of 12.8x12.8 km for grid 1. At the lateral boundaries of grid 1, the water level is calculated with tide model FES2004. TRIM-NP calculates one way nested with higher resolution the North Sea (with 6.4km, grid2), southern North Sea (with 3.2km, grid3) and the German Bight (with 1.6km, grid4). In this data bank, the datasets are available hourly for grid 2 and grid 4. Please contact the authors for grid 1 and grid 3.

Project: Effects of Climate Change in the Physical Conditions of the Brazilian Shelf - This project aims to investigate the possible impacts of anthropogenic climate change to the Brazilian shelf waters. This is carried out by analyzing its impact to process at large (Brazil-Malvinas Confluence) and regional scales (shelf water stratification and the upwelling of South Atlantic Central Water), affecting the continental shelf. These analysis are based on the downscaling of outputs from the Max-Planck-Institute Earth System Model - Mixed Resolution (MPI-ESM-MR, CMIP5) to a domain with high horizontal resolution (1/12 degrees) over the South Atlantic Ocean, using the HAMSOM model. This is a doctoral research project, funded by the German Academic Exchange Service through a scholarship from its Doctoral Programmes. Summary: This experiment aims to investigate the impact of anthropogenic climate change to the stratification of the Brazilian shelf waters under a strong warming scenario (RCP8.5). Earth System Models (ESMs) predict a stronger increase in stratification over the equatorial regions, due to the increased surface warming. However, they cannot account for all relevant regional processes due to their coarse horizontal resolution. One of the more relevant local processes unresolved by ESMs is the upwelling of South Atlantic Central Water along subtropical Brazil. It brings cold and nutrient-rich waters towards the coast to the most productive shelf regions along the Brazilian coastal waters and is known to play an important role in the stratification of the South Brazil Bight. By including this process in our analysis through our downscaling experiment, we can provide a more complete assessment of the effects of increased greenhouse gas emissions in the stratification of the Brazilian continental shelf.

Project: HBM-ERGOM western Baltic Sea simulations with tagging of atmospheric nitrogen deposition within the MeRamo project - The MeRamo project (Unterstützung der mit der Umsetzung der EU Meeresstrategie-Rahmenrichtlinie befassten Behörden mittels eines assimilativen Ökosystems) was funded within the German national budget for the EU Copernicus Programme (BMVI Grand 50EW1601). The aim of the project was to link EU Copernicus services -- namely Sentinel remote sensing data -- with a marine biogeochemical model system (HBM-ERGOM). Additionally, the contribution of nitrogen from atmospheric deposition to the marine nitrogen budget was to assess. Two scientific questions were derived for the second project focus: - What contribution does atmospheric nitrogen deposition in total and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen from shipping and agricultural activities have to the nitrogen budget in the marine surface layer of the western Baltic Sea? - What is the impact of the spatial resolution of nitrogen deposition data on the biogeochemical model predictions in highly structured coastal areas in the western Baltic Sea region? To deal with these questions, the model system HBM-ERGOM was extended by a nutrient tagging/tracing approach and model simulations with tagged atmospheric nitrogen compounds were performed at the North-German Supercomputing Alliance (HLRN, project id: mvk00054, zulassung.hlrn.de/kurzbeschreibungen/mvk00054.pdf). Three different nitrogen deposition data sets were used for the model simulations. Two spatial highly resolved deposition data sets were provided by the EU BONUS Project SHEBA (Karl et al., 2019, doi:10.5194/acp-2018-1317) and one deposition data set was provided by the Norwegian Meteorological Institut (MetNo, 2016) for the European Evaluation and Modelling Programme (EMEP). The year 2012 was simulated. The North Sea and Baltic Sea were covered by the model domain but only results for the western Baltic Sea are provided here. The latter data were presented in Neumann et al. (2018, doi:10.5194/os-2018-71). Summary: A marine physical biogeochemical model simulation was performed for the year 2012 covering the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Only data for the western Baltic Sea are provided here. The model output has been validated in Neumann et al. (2018a, doi: 10.5194/os-2018-71). The work was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI, FKZ 50EW1601, https://www.io-warnemuende.de/meramo-en.html). The simulation was performed at the North-German Supercomputing Alliance (HLRN, project id: mvk00054, zulassung.hlrn.de/kurzbeschreibungen/mvk00054.pdf). The model output data were processed and evaluated on servers provided by the project 'PROSO - Prozesse von Spurenstoffen in der Ostsee' (FKZ 03F0779A). The model simulation was forced by operational meteorological data of the German Weather Service (DWD). Atmospheric nitrogen deposition data of high spatial resolution of 4x4 km2 were provided by the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht within the EU BONUS SHEBA Project (Karl et al., 2019, doi: 10.5194/acp-2018-1317). Information on the riverine inputs, boundary conditions, and the model itself are provided in detail in Neumann et al. (2018b, doi: 10.5194/bg-2018-364). Nitrogen from atmospheric deposition of shipping-related nitrogen has been tagged in the model simulation according to a method by Menésguen et al. (2006, 10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0591). Therefore, all nitrogen-containing model variables exist twice in the output: once as regular variables and once as nitrogen content from shipping-related activities. The concentrations of all prognostic biogeochemical model variables are given in nitrogen units according to the Redfield ratio.

Project: HBM-ERGOM western Baltic Sea simulations with tagging of atmospheric nitrogen deposition within the MeRamo project - The MeRamo project (Unterstützung der mit der Umsetzung der EU Meeresstrategie-Rahmenrichtlinie befassten Behörden mittels eines assimilativen Ökosystems) was funded within the German national budget for the EU Copernicus Programme (BMVI Grand 50EW1601). The aim of the project was to link EU Copernicus services -- namely Sentinel remote sensing data -- with a marine biogeochemical model system (HBM-ERGOM). Additionally, the contribution of nitrogen from atmospheric deposition to the marine nitrogen budget was to assess. Two scientific questions were derived for the second project focus: - What contribution does atmospheric nitrogen deposition in total and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen from shipping and agricultural activities have to the nitrogen budget in the marine surface layer of the western Baltic Sea? - What is the impact of the spatial resolution of nitrogen deposition data on the biogeochemical model predictions in highly structured coastal areas in the western Baltic Sea region? To deal with these questions, the model system HBM-ERGOM was extended by a nutrient tagging/tracing approach and model simulations with tagged atmospheric nitrogen compounds were performed at the North-German Supercomputing Alliance (HLRN, project id: mvk00054, zulassung.hlrn.de/kurzbeschreibungen/mvk00054.pdf). Three different nitrogen deposition data sets were used for the model simulations. Two spatial highly resolved deposition data sets were provided by the EU BONUS Project SHEBA (Karl et al., 2019, doi:10.5194/acp-2018-1317) and one deposition data set was provided by the Norwegian Meteorological Institut (MetNo, 2016) for the European Evaluation and Modelling Programme (EMEP). The year 2012 was simulated. The North Sea and Baltic Sea were covered by the model domain but only results for the western Baltic Sea are provided here. The latter data were presented in Neumann et al. (2018, doi:10.5194/os-2018-71). Summary: A marine physical biogeochemical model simulation was performed with the model MOM-ERGOM for the years 2006 to 2012 covering the Baltic Sea. Previously, MOM-ERGOM had been initialized for several decades. The model output has been validated with measurement data of the "IOW Baltic Monitoring and long-term data program" (https://www.io-warnemuende.de/iowdb.html) and from the HELCOM database (http://ocean.ices.dk/helcom/Helcom.aspx). A publication is in preparation. Only the year 2012 is available here. The work was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI, FKZ 50EW1601, https://www.io-warnemuende.de/meramo-en.html). The simulation was performed at the North-German Supercomputing Alliance (HLRN, project id: mvk00054, zulassung.hlrn.de/kurzbeschreibungen/mvk00054.pdf). The model output data were processed and evaluated on servers provided by the project 'PROSO - Prozesse von Spurenstoffen in der Ostsee' (FKZ 03F0779A). The model simulation was forced by coastDat2 COSMO-CLM data (http://doi.org/10.1594/WDCC/coastDat-2_COSMO-CLM). Atmospheric nitrogen deposition data of 16x16 km2 horizontal resolution calculated by the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model were provided by the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht within the EU BONUS SHEBA Project (Karl et al., 2019, http://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7019-2019). Nitrogen from atmospheric deposition of nitrogen from shipping emissions and from all emission sectors has been tagged in the model simulation according to a method by Menésguen et al. (2006, http://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0591). Therefore, all nitrogen-containing model variables exist three times in the output: once as regular variables and once per tagged nitrogen source (total atmospheric and shipping-related).

Project: HBM-ERGOM western Baltic Sea simulations with tagging of atmospheric nitrogen deposition within the MeRamo project - The MeRamo project (Unterstützung der mit der Umsetzung der EU Meeresstrategie-Rahmenrichtlinie befassten Behörden mittels eines assimilativen Ökosystems) was funded within the German national budget for the EU Copernicus Programme (BMVI Grand 50EW1601). The aim of the project was to link EU Copernicus services -- namely Sentinel remote sensing data -- with a marine biogeochemical model system (HBM-ERGOM). Additionally, the contribution of nitrogen from atmospheric deposition to the marine nitrogen budget was to assess. Two scientific questions were derived for the second project focus: - What contribution does atmospheric nitrogen deposition in total and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen from shipping and agricultural activities have to the nitrogen budget in the marine surface layer of the western Baltic Sea? - What is the impact of the spatial resolution of nitrogen deposition data on the biogeochemical model predictions in highly structured coastal areas in the western Baltic Sea region? To deal with these questions, the model system HBM-ERGOM was extended by a nutrient tagging/tracing approach and model simulations with tagged atmospheric nitrogen compounds were performed at the North-German Supercomputing Alliance (HLRN, project id: mvk00054, zulassung.hlrn.de/kurzbeschreibungen/mvk00054.pdf). Three different nitrogen deposition data sets were used for the model simulations. Two spatial highly resolved deposition data sets were provided by the EU BONUS Project SHEBA (Karl et al., 2019, doi:10.5194/acp-2018-1317) and one deposition data set was provided by the Norwegian Meteorological Institut (MetNo, 2016) for the European Evaluation and Modelling Programme (EMEP). The year 2012 was simulated. The North Sea and Baltic Sea were covered by the model domain but only results for the western Baltic Sea are provided here. The latter data were presented in Neumann et al. (2018, doi:10.5194/os-2018-71). Summary: A marine physical biogeochemical model simulation was performed for the year 2012 covering the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Only data for the western Baltic Sea are provided here. The model output has been validated in Neumann et al. (2018a, doi: 10.5194/os-2018-71). The work was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI, FKZ 50EW1601, https://www.io-warnemuende.de/meramo-en.html). The simulation was performed at the North-German Supercomputing Alliance (HLRN, project id: mvk00054, zulassung.hlrn.de/kurzbeschreibungen/mvk00054.pdf). The model output data were processed and evaluated on servers provided by the project 'PROSO - Prozesse von Spurenstoffen in der Ostsee' (FKZ 03F0779A). The model simulation was forced by operational meteorological data of the German Weather Service (DWD). Atmospheric nitrogen deposition data of 50x50 km2 spatial resolution were taken from the 2016 reporting of the European Measurement and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) as presented in EMEP (2016, url: http://emep.int/publ/reports/2016/EMEP_Status_Report_1_2016.pdf) and available from the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (2016, http://thredds.met.no/thredds/catalog/data/EMEP/2016_Reporting/catalog.html). Information on the riverine inputs, boundary conditions, and the model itself are provided in detail in Neumann et al. (2018b, doi: 10.5194/bg-2018-364). The concentrations of all prognostic biogeochemical model variables are given in nitrogen units according to the Redfield ratio.