This dataset contains the source data used to generate Figures 3–7 in the manuscript entitled "Embedding a multichannel ISFET-pH sensor array in marine sediments: A new approach for continuous in situ pH monitoring". The data include results from laboratory analyses, sensor characterization, and field observations.Figure3_XPS.xlsx: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data used to characterize the chemical composition of the tantalum oxide (Ta₂O₅) sensing membrane deposited on the ISFET devices.Figure4.xlsx: Time-series gate-source voltage (Vgs) data recorded when the ISFET sensors were immersed in NBS standard buffer solutions, Tris and AMP buffers in artificial seawater, and natural seawater.Figure5.xlsx: Laboratory-based time-series pH data measured using both the ISFET sensor array and a commercial needle-type glass pH electrode.Figure6.xlsx: Time-series pH data recorded by the ISFET-pH sensor array during in situ field observations conducted in coral reef sediments.Figure7.xlsx: Comparative time-series pH data collected simultaneously by the ISFET-pH sensor and a commercial glass pH electrode (HOBO MX2501) during field deployment.All datasets are provided in .xlsx format and are intended to support the reproducibility and transparency of the results presented in the associated manuscript.

This dataset contains the source data used to generate Figures 3–7 in the manuscript entitled "Embedding a multichannel ISFET-pH sensor array in marine sediments: A new approach for continuous in situ pH monitoring". The data include results from laboratory analyses, sensor characterization, and field observations.Figure3_XPS.xlsx: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data used to characterize the chemical composition of the tantalum oxide (Ta₂O₅) sensing membrane deposited on the ISFET devices.Figure4.xlsx: Time-series gate-source voltage (Vgs) data recorded when the ISFET sensors were immersed in NBS standard buffer solutions, Tris and AMP buffers in artificial seawater, and natural seawater.Figure5.xlsx: Laboratory-based time-series pH data measured using both the ISFET sensor array and a commercial needle-type glass pH electrode.Figure6.xlsx: Time-series pH data recorded by the ISFET-pH sensor array during in situ field observations conducted in coral reef sediments.Figure7.xlsx: Comparative time-series pH data collected simultaneously by the ISFET-pH sensor and a commercial glass pH electrode (HOBO MX2501) during field deployment.All datasets are provided in .xlsx format and are intended to support the reproducibility and transparency of the results presented in the associated manuscript.

Additional file1.

Additional file1.

Supplementary Material 1.

Supplementary Material 1.

The key role of cell walls in setting mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm) and, consequently, photosynthesis, is reviewed. First, the theoretical properties of cell walls that can affect gm are presented. Then, we focus on cell wall thickness (Tcw) reviewing empirical evidence showing that Tcw varies strongly among species and phylogenetic groups in a way that correlates with gm and photosynthesis i.e. the thicker the mesophyll cell walls, the lower gm and photosynthesis. Potential interplays of gm, Tcw, dehydration tolerance and hydraulic properties of leaves are also discussed. Dynamic variations of Tcw in response to the environment and their implications in the regulation of photosynthesis are discussed, and recent evidence suggesting an influence of cell wall composition on gm are presented. We then propose a hypothetical mechanism for the influence of cell walls on photosynthesis, combining the effects of thickness and composition, particularly pectins. Finally, we discuss the prospects for using biotechnology for enhancing photosynthesis by means of altering cell wall-related genes.

1. Recent advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAVs) and image processing have made high-throughput field phenotyping possible at plot/canopy level in the mass grown experiment. Such techniques are now expected to be used for individual level phenotyping in the single grown experiment. 2. We found two main challenges of phenotyping individual plants in the single grown experiment: plant segmentation from weedy backgrounds and the estimation of complex traits that are difficult to measure manurally. 3. In this study, we proposed a methodological framework for field-based individual plant phenotyping by UAV. Two contributions, which are weed elimination for individual plant segmentation, and complex traits (volume and outline) extraction, have been developed. The framework demonstrated its utility in the phenotyping of Helianthus tuberosus(Jerusalem artichoke), an herbaceous perennial plant species. 4. The proposed framework can be applied to either small and large scale phenotyping experiments.

Secreted Nano-luciferase (secNluc) is a newly engineered secreted luciferase that possesses advantages of high structural stability, long half-life, and glow-type kinetics together with high light emission intensity, and thus would become one of the most valuable tools for bioluminescence assays. However, like other secreted luciferases, secNluc has to mix with the components in the conditioned medium surrounding test cells, or in the biological samples such as blood or urine after being secreted. These components may interfere with secNluc-catalyzed bioluminescence reactions and thus limit the application of the secNluc reporter system. In this study, we first examined the effects of three factors, pH, serum and residual reagents, on secNluc-catalyzed bioluminescence reactions, finding that these factors could interfere with bioluminescence reactions and result in background signal. To resolve these problems, we applied a simple affinity purification strategy in which secNluc was fused with a FLAG-tag, and anti-FLAG magnetic beads were used to catch and transfer the fusion protein to PBST, an optimal buffer for secNluc-catalyzed bioluminescence reactions that was identified in this study. The results indicated that this strategy could not only negate the interferences from serum or residual reagents and enhance the stability of light emission but also greatly increase signal intensity through enzyme enrichment. This strategy may contribute to biomedical studies that utilize secNluc and other secreted luciferases, especially those requiring superior sensitivity, low background noise and high reproducibility.

Neurons might interact via electric fields and this notion has been referred to as ephaptic interaction. It has been shown that various types of ion channels are distributed along the dendrites and are capable of supporting generation of dendritic spikes. We hypothesized that generation of dendritic spikes play important roles in the ephaptic interactions either by amplifying the impact of electric fields or by providing current source to generate electric fields. To test if dendritic activities can be modulated by electric fields, we developed a method to monitor local Ca-transients in the dendrites of a neuronal population in acute rat hippocampal slices by applying spinning-disk confocal microscopy and multi-cell dye loading technique. In a condition in which the dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons show spontaneous Ca-transients due to added 50 μM 4-aminopyridine to the bathing medium and adjusted extracellular potassium concentration, we examined the impact of sinusoidal electric fields on the Ca-transients. We have found that spontaneously occurring fast-Ca-transients in the tufts of the apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons can be blocked by applying 1 μM tetrodotoxin, and that the timing of the transients become entrained to sub-threshold 1-4 Hz electric fields with an intensity as weak as 0.84 mV/mm applied parallel to the somato-dendritic axis of the neurons. The extent of entrainment increases with intensity below 5 mV/mm, but does not increase further over the range of 5-20 mV/mm. These results suggest that population of pyramidal cells might be able to detect electric fields with biologically relevant intensity by modulating the timing of dendritic spikes.