The dataset contains the raw data underpinning some of the figures in the research article. In addition, files needed to use algorithm necessary to identify alveolar epithelial hyperproliferation using the HALO software.

Rasters used to compute resistance distances for the manuscript: Jacquot, M. , Nomikou, K., Palmarini, M. , Mertens, P. and Biek, R.(2017) Bluetongue virus spread in Europe is a consequence of climatic, landscape and vertebrate host factors as revealed by phylogeographic inference. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, (Accepted for Publication)
Climate data are all averages over 15 years (from January 1998 to December 2012) of monthly averages from: European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts http://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-mnth/
Mean and standard deviation of elevation were obtained from: Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data (GMTED 2010) from the United States Geological Survey http://eros.usgs.gov/#Find_Data/Products_and_Data_Available/GMTED2010
Low- Mid and High-elevations rasters were derived from the mean elevation one.
Livestock densities were obtained from Food and Agriculture Organisation http://www.fao.org/ag/AGAInfo/resources/en/glw/GLW_dens.html
The cattle density raster was used to generate the terrestrial habitat/land cover (Habitat vs non habitat areas).

Rasters used to compute resistance distances for the manuscript: Jacquot, M. , Nomikou, K., Palmarini, M. , Mertens, P. and Biek, R.(2017) Bluetongue virus spread in Europe is a consequence of climatic, landscape and vertebrate host factors as revealed by phylogeographic inference. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, (Accepted for Publication)
Climate data are all averages over 15 years (from January 1998 to December 2012) of monthly averages from: European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts http://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-mnth/
Mean and standard deviation of elevation were obtained from: Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data (GMTED 2010) from the United States Geological Survey http://eros.usgs.gov/#Find_Data/Products_and_Data_Available/GMTED2010
Low- Mid and High-elevations rasters were derived from the mean elevation one.
Livestock densities were obtained from Food and Agriculture Organisation http://www.fao.org/ag/AGAInfo/resources/en/glw/GLW_dens.html
The cattle density raster was used to generate the terrestrial habitat/land cover (Habitat vs non habitat areas).

Rasters used to compute resistance distances for the manuscript: Jacquot, M. , Nomikou, K., Palmarini, M. , Mertens, P. and Biek, R.(2017) Bluetongue virus spread in Europe is a consequence of climatic, landscape and vertebrate host factors as revealed by phylogeographic inference. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences
- Climate data are all averages over 15 years (from January 1998 to December 2012) of monthly averages from: European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts http://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-mnth/
- Mean and standard deviation of elevation were obtained from: Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data (GMTED 2010) from the United States Geological Survey http://eros.usgs.gov/#Find_Data/Products_and_Data_Available/GMTED2010
- Low- Mid- and High-elevations rasters were derived from the mean elevation one.
- Livestock densities were obtained from Food and Agriculture Organisation http://www.fao.org/ag/AGAInfo/resources/en/glw/GLW_dens.html
- The cattle density raster was used to generate the terrestrial habitat/land cover raster (Habitat vs non habitat areas).

Spatio-temporal patterns of the spread of infectious diseases are commonly driven by environmental and ecological factors. This is particularly true for vector-borne diseases because vector populations can be strongly affected by host distribution as well as by climatic and landscape variables. Here, we aim to identify environmental drivers for bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of a major vector-borne disease of ruminants that has emerged multiple times in Europe in recent decades. In order to determine the importance of climatic, landscape and host-related factors affecting BTV diffusion across Europe, we fitted different phylogeographic models to a dataset of 113 time-stamped and geo-referenced BTV genomes, representing multiple strains and serotypes. Diffusion models using continuous space revealed that terrestrial habitat below 300 m altitude, wind direction and higher livestock densities were associated with faster BTV movement. Results of discrete phylogeographic analysis involving generalized linear models broadly supported these findings, but varied considerably with the level of spatial partitioning. Contrary to common perception, we found no evidence for average temperature having a positive effect on BTV diffusion, though both methodological and biological reasons could be responsible for this result. Our study provides important insights into the drivers of BTV transmission at the landscape scale that could inform predictive models of viral spread and have implications for designing control strategies.

Spatio-temporal patterns of the spread of infectious diseases are commonly driven by environmental and ecological factors. This is particularly true for vector-borne diseases because vector populations can be strongly affected by host distribution as well as by climatic and landscape variables. Here, we aim to identify environmental drivers for bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of a major vector-borne disease of ruminants that has emerged multiple times in Europe in recent decades. In order to determine the importance of climatic, landscape and host-related factors affecting BTV diffusion across Europe, we fitted different phylogeographic models to a dataset of 113 time-stamped and geo-referenced BTV genomes, representing multiple strains and serotypes. Diffusion models using continuous space revealed that terrestrial habitat below 300 m altitude, wind direction and higher livestock densities were associated with faster BTV movement. Results of discrete phylogeographic analysis involving generalized linear models broadly supported these findings, but varied considerably with the level of spatial partitioning. Contrary to common perception, we found no evidence for average temperature having a positive effect on BTV diffusion, though both methodological and biological reasons could be responsible for this result. Our study provides important insights into the drivers of BTV transmission at the landscape scale that could inform predictive models of viral spread and have implications for designing control strategies.

Spatio-temporal patterns of the spread of infectious diseases are commonly driven by environmental and ecological factors. This is particularly true for vector-borne diseases because vector populations can be strongly affected by host distribution as well as by climatic and landscape variables. Here, we aim to identify environmental drivers for bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of a major vector-borne disease of ruminants that has emerged multiple times in Europe in recent decades. In order to determine the importance of climatic, landscape and host-related factors affecting BTV diffusion across Europe, we fitted different phylogeographic models to a dataset of 113 time-stamped and geo-referenced BTV genomes, representing multiple strains and serotypes. Diffusion models using continuous space revealed that terrestrial habitat below 300 m altitude, wind direction and higher livestock densities were associated with faster BTV movement. Results of discrete phylogeographic analysis involving generalized linear models broadly supported these findings, but varied considerably with the level of spatial partitioning. Contrary to common perception, we found no evidence for average temperature having a positive effect on BTV diffusion, though both methodological and biological reasons could be responsible for this result. Our study provides important insights into the drivers of BTV transmission at the landscape scale that could inform predictive models of viral spread and have implications for designing control strategies.

Spatio-temporal patterns of the spread of infectious diseases are commonly driven by environmental and ecological factors. This is particularly true for vector-borne diseases because vector populations can be strongly affected by host distribution as well as by climatic and landscape variables. Here, we aim to identify environmental drivers for bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of a major vector-borne disease of ruminants that has emerged multiple times in Europe in recent decades. In order to determine the importance of climatic, landscape and host-related factors affecting BTV diffusion across Europe, we fitted different phylogeographic models to a dataset of 113 time-stamped and geo-referenced BTV genomes, representing multiple strains and serotypes. Diffusion models using continuous space revealed that terrestrial habitat below 300 m altitude, wind direction and higher livestock densities were associated with faster BTV movement. Results of discrete phylogeographic analysis involving generalized linear models broadly supported these findings, but varied considerably with the level of spatial partitioning. Contrary to common perception, we found no evidence for average temperature having a positive effect on BTV diffusion, though both methodological and biological reasons could be responsible for this result. Our study provides important insights into the drivers of BTV transmission at the landscape scale that could inform predictive models of viral spread and have implications for designing control strategies.

Rasters used to compute resistance distances for the manuscript: Jacquot, M. , Nomikou, K., Palmarini, M. , Mertens, P. and Biek, R.(2017) Bluetongue virus spread in Europe is a consequence of climatic, landscape and vertebrate host factors as revealed by phylogeographic inference. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences
- Climate data are all averages over 15 years (from January 1998 to December 2012) of monthly averages from: European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts http://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-mnth/
- Mean and standard deviation of elevation were obtained from: Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data (GMTED 2010) from the United States Geological Survey http://eros.usgs.gov/#Find_Data/Products_and_Data_Available/GMTED2010
- Low- Mid- and High-elevations rasters were derived from the mean elevation one.
- Livestock densities were obtained from Food and Agriculture Organisation http://www.fao.org/ag/AGAInfo/resources/en/glw/GLW_dens.html
- The cattle density raster was used to generate the terrestrial habitat/land cover raster (Habitat vs non habitat areas).

Spatio-temporal patterns of the spread of infectious diseases are commonly driven by environmental and ecological factors. This is particularly true for vector-borne diseases because vector populations can be strongly affected by host distribution as well as by climatic and landscape variables. Here, we aim to identify environmental drivers for bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of a major vector-borne disease of ruminants that has emerged multiple times in Europe in recent decades. In order to determine the importance of climatic, landscape and host-related factors affecting BTV diffusion across Europe, we fitted different phylogeographic models to a dataset of 113 time-stamped and geo-referenced BTV genomes, representing multiple strains and serotypes. Diffusion models using continuous space revealed that terrestrial habitat below 300 m altitude, wind direction and higher livestock densities were associated with faster BTV movement. Results of discrete phylogeographic analysis involving generalized linear models broadly supported these findings, but varied considerably with the level of spatial partitioning. Contrary to common perception, we found no evidence for average temperature having a positive effect on BTV diffusion, though both methodological and biological reasons could be responsible for this result. Our study provides important insights into the drivers of BTV transmission at the landscape scale that could inform predictive models of viral spread and have implications for designing control strategies.