The dataset includes Magnetic susceptibility (MS) from sediment core CAGE19-3-KH14-GPC02 in the eastern Fram Strait between 140 and 90 ka. MS was measured on u-channels in 3 mm increments using a GEOTEK MSCL-S corelogger equipped with a Bartington MS3 and a loop sensor of diameter 60 mm.

The dataset includes dinoflagellate cyst counts from sediment core CAGE19-3-KH14-GPC02 in the eastern Fram Strait between 140 and 90 ka.

The dataset includes biomarkers (IP25, Brassicasterol, Campesterol, Dinosterol and Sitosterol reported in µg/gTOC and µg/g sediment, the PIP25 index for semi-quantitative sea ice reconstruction and total organic carbon %. Biomarkers were measured by gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry and total organic carbon was measured using an ELTRA CS2000 Carbon Sulfur Detector.

This dataset contains compound-specific isotope analyses of sediments from core ARA04C/37, collected from the Canadian Beaufort Sea (70°38.0212′N, 139°22.0749′W; 1173 m depth) during the ARA04C cruise in 2013. The data spans the last 14,000 years and focuses on reconstructing sea surface salinity during the Younger Dryas in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. The analyses include the hydrogen isotopic composition of both short-chain fatty acids (C16:0 and C18:0) and long-chain fatty acids (C28:0 and C30:0), as well as microalgal biomarkers (brassicasterol and dinosterol). Additionally, radiocarbon content of the short-chain fatty acid C16:0 is included. The hydrogen isotopic analyses were conducted at the University of Washington in 2020, while radiocarbon dating was performed at AWI in 2018 using the AWI MICADAS facility.

Sediment cores (Rumohr cores) DA17-NG-ST-08-90R, DA17-NG-ST10-109R and DA17-NG-12-134R were collected as part of the NorthGreen expedition to Northeast Greenland in September 2017 onboard the Danish research vessel Dana. The aim of the analysis in this research is to determine the reliability of biomarkers for reconstructing sea-ice conditions in Northeast Greenland. The cores were sampled at 0.5cm resolution for analysis of sea-ice biomarkers (IP25, brassicasterol, dinosterol, campesterol, sitosterol), total organic carbon (TOC). Sea-ice biomarkers were extracted using dichlormethane/methanol (DCM/MeOH, 2:1), followed by ultrasonication. Hexane was then added to the extract and column chromatography undertaken. After purification, samples were analysed using a gas chromatograph Agilent Technologies 7890B GC system (30m DB-1MS column, 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 μm film thickness) coupled to a mass spectrometer Agilent 5977A MSD (70 eV constant ionization potential, Scan 50–550 m/z, 1 scan/s, ion source temperature 230 °C, Performance Turbo Pump) with the temperature program: 60 °C (3 min), 150 °C (heating rate: 15 °C/min), 320 °C (heating rate: 10 °C/min) and 320 °C (15 min, isothermal). Sterols were measured with a GC Agilent 6850 GC (30m DB-1MS column, 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 μm film thickness) coupled to an Agilent 5975C VL MSD. For chronological constraint, analyses of natural lead 210Pb and artificial 137Caesium (137Cs) / 205 241Americeum (241Am) radionuclides were carried out by gamma spectrometry with a Ge-detector (BE3830-7500SL-RDC-6-ULB) at IOW and processed with GENIE 2000 software (Canberra Industries Inc., USA). Analysis of mercury (Hg) was undertaken using a DMA-80 Analyzer from MLS Company. This was calibrated against CRM (BCR) 142R certified reference material. Sample weights were 100 mg.

The dataset includes XRF calcium and titanium counts per second from sediment core CAGE19-3-KH14-GPC02 in the eastern Fram Strait between 140 and 90 ka.

The dataset includes ice rafted debris reported in debris/g sediment from sediment core CAGE19-3-KH14-GPC02 in the eastern Fram Strait between 140 and 90 ka.

The dataset includes groupings of raw dinoflagellate cyst counts and their percentages from sediment core CAGE19-3-KH14-GPC02 in the eastern Fram Strait between 140 and 90 ka.

The dataset includes stable oxygen isotopes (δ18O) of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, Oridorsalis umbonatus, and Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi from sediment core CAGE19-3-KH14-GPC02 in the eastern Fram Strait between 140and 90 ka. The measurements were made with a Finnigan MAT253 mass spectrometer with an online Kiel IV.

Sediment Core PS115/2-2 was recovered from the Amundsen Basin in 3600 m water depth at the eastern flank of the Gakkel Ridge during Polarstern Expedition PS115/2 in 2018 (Stein, 2019). The well-dated core is used to reconstruct in detail the interrelationship between ice-sheet dynamics and organic carbon burial in the central Eurasian Basin during the last 430 kyr, and to correlate marine and terrestrial records of the Eurasian Ice Sheet (EIS) history. Using organic-geochemical bulk parameters (i.e., TOC, C/N ratios, Rock Eval) and biomarkers, we have identified prominent well-defined sections with strongly elevated concentration of ancient (petrogenic) predominantly terrestrial OC, coinciding with glacial time intervals of extended ice sheets and the subsequent terminations/deglacials. Rock-Eval pyrolysis was performed on bulk ground sediment samples using a Rock-Eval 6 analyzer (cf., Lafarque et al., 1998) to determine (1) the amount of hydrocarbons (HC) present (S1 peak) and generated by pyrolytic degradation of the OC during heating up to 650°C (S2 peak), (2) the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) generated from the decomposing OC during heating up to 390 °C (S3 peak), and (3) the temperature of maximum pyrolysis yield (Tmax value in °C). The HC and CO2 yields were normalized to OC and expressed as hydrogen index (HI) in mgHC/gOC and oxygen index (OI) in mgCO2/gOC, respectively, and may give information about the composition of the organic matter. Tmax values may give further information about the composition as well as the maturity of the organic matter. For details and methods, we refer to Stein et al. (this paper).