Urbanization alters ecological resources for cavity‐nesting communities. This transformation often reduces suitable substrates for excavation, such as standing deadwood, which is commonly removed for safety or aesthetic purposes. We examined tree selection for cavity excavation by the White‐fronted Woodpecker (Melanerpes cactorum) in urban parks of Córdoba, Argentina, a temperate, highly populated Neotropical city. Across 279 ha in 89 parks, we located 49 excavated trees and compared their attributes with paired control trees. Using generalized linear mixed models, we assessed the effects of wood density, decay class, diameter at breast height, tree height, canopy cover, and local tree density on tree selection. Substrate hardness, determined by wood density and decay, strongly shaped excavation patterns. Woodpeckers predominantly excavated live trees with low wood density, especially the exotic tree Melia azedarach, which represented nearly 80% of excavated trees despite comprising only 4% of available trees. White‐fronted Woodpeckers selected live trees only for species with low wood density, whereas higher wood-density species were increasingly chosen as decay advanced. No significant selection occurred for tree height, diameter, canopy cover, or local tree density. Current urban management may filter out deadwood‐dependent bird species, but exotic plantings may benefit woodpeckers if their wood properties fall within the woodpeckers’ biomechanical limits and preferences. Management strategies that retain some deadwood and also include tree species within the suitable hardness range when living could enhance diversity and resilience in urban cavity‐nesting communities.

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Urbanization alters ecological resources for cavity‐nesting communities. This transformation often reduces suitable substrates for excavation, such as standing deadwood, which is commonly removed for safety or aesthetic purposes. We examined tree selection for cavity excavation by the White‐fronted Woodpecker (Melanerpes cactorum) in urban parks of Córdoba, Argentina, a temperate, highly populated Neotropical city. Across 279 ha in 89 parks, we located 49 excavated trees and compared their attributes with paired control trees. Using generalized linear mixed models, we assessed the effects of wood density, decay class, diameter at breast height, tree height, canopy cover, and local tree density on tree selection. Substrate hardness, determined by wood density and decay, strongly shaped excavation patterns. Woodpeckers predominantly excavated live trees with low wood density, especially the exotic tree Melia azedarach, which represented nearly 80% of excavated trees despite comprising only 4% of available trees. White‐fronted Woodpeckers selected live trees only for species with low wood density, whereas higher wood-density species were increasingly chosen as decay advanced. No significant selection occurred for tree height, diameter, canopy cover, or local tree density. Current urban management may filter out deadwood‐dependent bird species, but exotic plantings may benefit woodpeckers if their wood properties fall within the woodpeckers’ biomechanical limits and preferences. Management strategies that retain some deadwood and also include tree species within the suitable hardness range when living could enhance diversity and resilience in urban cavity‐nesting communities.

Data for replicating the experiments performed in the paper : Stretching Beyond the Obvious: A Gradient-Free Framework to Unveil the Hidden Landscape of Visual Invariance.It includes:unified MEI references for SnS experimentsunified natural image statisticsweights of the Deepsim image generatorData of the behavioral experiments of both humans and other observer networksResults of multiexperiments used in the paperImagenet labels

Data for replicating the experiments performed in the paper : Stretching Beyond the Obvious: A Gradient-Free Framework to Unveil the Hidden Landscape of Visual Invariance.It includes:unified MEI references for SnS experimentsunified natural image statisticsweights of the Deepsim image generatorData of the behavioral experiments of both humans and other observer networksResults of multiexperiments used in the paperImagenet labels

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A posting list (docID’s) stored as 32-bit unsigned integers in little-endian format. The file begins with a singleton binary sequence, whose only integer specifies the total number of documents in the collection (i.e., the universe size). This header is followed by the binary sequence corresponding to the posting list.

A posting list (docID’s) stored as 32-bit unsigned integers in little-endian format. The file begins with a singleton binary sequence, whose only integer specifies the total number of documents in the collection (i.e., the universe size). This header is followed by the binary sequence corresponding to the posting list.