This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Snabl, Martin, Guidori, Urbano, Gianchino, Carmelo, Leonardi, Marco, Zambonelli, Alessandra, Iotti, Mirco (2023): New insights on post-fire morels (Morchella spp.) in Italy. Phytotaxa 599 (5): 280-290, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.599.5.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.599.5.2

TABLE 1. — Information on specimens and DNA sequences analyzed in this study. (* To comply with ICN - Shenzhen - Art. 60.10, this must be corrected to: Tuber rapiodorum).TaxonITS GenBank Sample name accession #CountryReferencesTuber aestivum Vittad.MZ423173AQUI 10150Italy: Lombardy, Monza, Parco Villa Realethis studyAF516779strain E32Italy: MolisePaolocci et al. 2004AF516781strain E2Italy: AbruzzoPaolocci et al. 2004AF516782strain Ep8Italy: PiemontePaolocci et al. 2004AF516783strain E61Italy: UmbriaPaolocci et al. 2004AF516784strain Ep7Italy: PiemontePaolocci et al. 2004AF516785strain E50Italy: UmbriaPaolocci et al. 2004AF516786strain E58Italy: UmbriaPaolocci et al. 2004AF516787strain E29Italy: AbruzzoPaolocci et al. 2004AF516788strain E1Italy: AbruzzoPaolocci et al. 2004AF516789strain E60Italy: UmbriaPaolocci et al. 2004AF516790strain E18Italy: AbruzzoPaolocci et al. 2004AF516791strain E5Italy: MolisePaolocci et al. 2004AF516792strain E24Italy: Emilia RomagnaPaolocci et al. 2004AY226042strain E17Italy: AbruzzoPaolocci et al. 2004AF132509Tuber uncinatumunknownRoux et al. 1999Tuber borchii Vittad.MZ423174AQUI 10151Italy: Lombardy, Varzi, Castello Oramalathis studyDQ679802isolate 17BoItaly: Emilia Romagna, Ravenna— Marina diBonuso et al. 2010RavennaFJ554490voucher CMI-UNIBO 2445Italy: Lombardia, PaviaBonuso et al. 2010FJ554506voucher CMI-UNIBO 3058Italy: Emilia Romagna, Ferrara—GardellettaBonuso et al. 2010FJ554507voucher CMI-UNIBO 3087Italy: Emilia Romagna, Ferrara—VascelloBonuso et al. 2010d’OroFJ554466voucher CMI-UNIBOItaly: Emilia Romagna, Bologna—SassoBonuso et al. 2010Tbo1570MarconiFJ554485voucher CMI-UNIBO 1833Italy: Emilia Romagna, Reggio Emilia—Bonuso et al. 2010QuattrocastellaFJ554470voucher CMI-UNIBOItaly: Veneto, Rovigo—Porto ViroBonuso et al. 2010Tbo2352FJ554469voucher CMI-UNIBOItaly: Veneto, Rovigo—town cemeteryBonuso et al. 2010Tbo2364FJ554481voucher CMI-UNIBO 2387Italy: Molise, Isernia—Belmonte del SannioBonuso et al. 2010FJ554513voucher CMI-UNIBO 3300Italy: Sicilia, Palermo—Monte PetrosoBonuso et al. 2010FJ554493voucher CMI-UNIBO 3026Italy: Emilia Romagna, Ferrara—BoscoBonuso et al. 2010SpadaFJ554502voucher CMI-UNIBO 3065Italy: Emilia Romagna, Ferrara—Gran BoscoBonuso et al. 2010della MesolaFJ554495voucher CMI-UNIBO 3078Italy: Sicilia, Palermo—San Martino delleBonuso et al. 2010ScaleFJ554491voucher CMI-UNIBO 2363Italy: Veneto, Rovigo—town parkBonuso et al. 2010AJ002510isolate 48 1992unknownMello et al. 1998Tuber magnatum PiccoMZ423175TO HG3458Italy: Piedmont, Montechiaro D'Asti, Loc.this studySeriaAJ586268isolate B1Italy: Piedmont, San Desiderio (AT)Mello et al. 2002AJ586267isolate B2Italy: Piedmont, Zanco (AT)Mello et al. 2002AJ586266isolate B3Italy: Piedmont, Ponzano (AC)Mello et al. 2002AJ586271isolate B6Italy: Piedmont, San Desiderio (AT)Mello et al. 2002AJ586265isolate B8Italy: Piedmont, Castellalfero (AT)Mello et al. 2002AJ586264isolate B9Italy: Piedmont, Castellalfero (AT)Mello et al. 2002AJ586263isolate B19Italy: Piedmont, Montemagno (AT)Mello et al. 2002AJ586262isolate B11Italy: Piedmont, Montemagno (AT)Mello et al. 2002AJ586261isolate E1Italy: Piedmont, Montemagno (AT)Mello et al. 2002AJ586260isolate b2ItalyMello et al. 2005AJ586259isolate b4ItalyMello et al. 2005AJ605110isolate TmsalItaly: Campania, SalernoMello et al. 2005AJ586258isolate xlItaly: Molise, CampobassoMello et al. 2005AJ586257isolate yItaly: Molise, CampobassoMello et al. 2005AJ586256isolate zItaly: Molise, CampobassoMello et al. 2005AJ002509isolate 1I1992unknownMello et al. 1998Tuber melanosporum Vittad.MZ423176AQUI 10152Italy: Lombardy, Monza, Parco Villa Realethis studyEU200420isolate 84Spain: Sierra de Loquiz - NavarraRiccioni et al. 2008EU200421isolate 281Italy: Spoleto Loc. S.Maria di Reggiano -Riccioni et al. 2008PerugiaEU200422isolate 121France: ProvenceRiccioni et al. 2008EU200433isolate MEL178France: Provence - TavernesRiccioni et al. 2008EU200434isolate MEL199Italy: Cerreto di Spoleto - PerugiaRiccioni et al. 2008EU200410isolate MEL298France: Borgogne - YonneRiccioni et al. 2008EU555383isolate MEL178 clone 2France: Provence - TavernesRiccioni et al. 2008EU555384isolate MEL178 clone 10France: Provence - TavernesRiccioni et al. 2008EU555385isolate MEL178 clone 49AFrance: Provence - TavernesRiccioni et al. 2008EU555386isolate MEL199 clone 11Italy: Cerreto di Spoleto - PerugiaRiccioni et al. 2008EU555387isolate MEL298 clone 23France: Borgogne - YonneRiccioni et al. 2008EU555388isolate MEL437 clone 13AItaly: Spoleto - PerugiaRiccioni et al. 2008EU555389isolate MEL437 clone 25AItaly: Spoleto - PerugiaRiccioni et al. 2008EU555390isolate MEL437 clone 26AItaly: Spoleto - PerugiaRiccioni et al. 2008EU555391isolate MEL437 clone 30AItaly: Spoleto - PerugiaRiccioni et al. 2008EU555392isolate MEL282 clone 48AItaly: Spoleto Loc. S.Maria di Reggiano -Riccioni et al. 2008PerugiaAF132501Tuber melanosporumunknownRoux et al. 1999Tuber brumale Vittad. var.AF001010Tuber brumale f.central ItalyRubini et al. 1998moschatum (Bull.) I.R. Hall,moschatumP.K. Buchanan, Wang & ColeTuber brumale Vittad.AF106880clone B44Italy: central, MarcheUnpublishedJF926118isolate S72Germany: Baden-WürttembergStobbe et al. 2012AF132504Tuber brumaleunknownRoux et al. 1999Tuber excavatum Vittad.HM152011isolate Tub09Austria: Bezirk Klosterneuburg, KritzendorfUnpublishedJF926119isolate S63Germany: Baden-WürttembergStobbe et al. 2012HM151997isolate it7_0Germany: ZierenbergUnpublishedFN433146specimen voucherSlovenia: NanosUnpublishedSFI:TUBEXC/250109BTuber excavatum Vittad. var.KX354287voucher JS812014Germany: north-east Bavaria, NÖrdlicheSchiebold et al.intermedium G. GrossFrankenalb2017Tuber macrosporum Vittad.AF106885clone Macro1Italy: central, UmbriaUnpublishedKP738396voucher ITA_011sItalyBenucci et al. 2016KP738349voucher ITA_013sItalyBenucci et al. 2016KP738346voucher ITA_012SItalyBenucci et al. 2016KP738351voucher ITA_014sItalyBenucci et al. 2016Tuber mesentericum Vittad.AF132508Tuber mesentericumunknownRoux et al. 1999JF926122isolate S7509Germany: Baden-WürttembergStobbe et al. 2012AF516799strain MgunknownUnpublishedFM205537isolate 04MESSlovenia: Karst regionUnpublishedHM485375isolate CW105Sweden: GotlandBonito et al. 2010Tuber maculatum Vittad.AF106889clone Mac1Italy: central, UmbriaUnpublishedAJ879691isolate 2Italy: PiedmontMurat et al. 2005EU753269herbarium 1967ItalyUnpublishedAJ969627specimen voucher Vittad.Denmark: Gurre Sø, North East ZealandTedersoo et al. 2006TL5974 (CopenhagenBotanical Museum)Tuber dryophilum Tul.JQ925644voucher GB35ItalyBonito et al. 2013HM485353isolate GB69ItalyBonito et al. 2013HM485354isolate GB37ItalyBonito et al. 2013Tuber foetitum Vittad.AJ557543isolate B-2452Hungary: GaréHalasz et al. 2005JQ288907voucher ZB516unknownUnpublishedTuber oligospermum (Tul. & C. KF021624voucher CMI-UNIBO 4230Morocco: Rabat, Marmora forestBoutahir et al. 2013Tul.) TrappeKF021622voucher CMI-UNIBO 4234Morocco: Rabat, Marmora forestBoutahir et al. 2013Tuber rapaeodorum Tul. & C.EU784429voucher RBG KewEnglandBrock et al. 2009Tul. *K(M)128884DQ011849voucher CMI-UNIBO 2483Armenia: DilijanUnpublishedTuber panniferum Tul. & C. Tul. AF 132507Tuber panniferumunknownRoux et al. 1999HM485380isolate JT12835SpainBonito et al. 2010Tuber rufum PolliniAY112894Tuber rufumunknownIotti et al. 2002JF926123isolate S90Germany: Baden-WürttembergStobbe et al. 2012EF362475voucher 1785ItalyIotti et al. 2007Tuber indicum Cooke &DQ329364isolate Tind-hl01China: Huili, Sichuan provinceWang et al. 2006aMasseeDQ375496isolate Tind-hl02China: Huili, Sichuan provinceWang et al. 2006bDQ375490isolate Tind-gs01China: Gongshan, Yunnan provinceWang et al. 2006bDQ375491isolate Tind-gs05China: Gongshan, Yunnan provinceWang et al. 2006b

TABLE 1. — Information on specimens and DNA sequences analyzed in this study. (* To comply with ICN - Shenzhen - Art. 60.10, this must be corrected to: Tuber rapiodorum).TaxonITS GenBank Sample name accession #CountryReferencesTuber aestivum Vittad.MZ423173AQUI 10150Italy: Lombardy, Monza, Parco Villa Realethis studyAF516779strain E32Italy: MolisePaolocci et al. 2004AF516781strain E2Italy: AbruzzoPaolocci et al. 2004AF516782strain Ep8Italy: PiemontePaolocci et al. 2004AF516783strain E61Italy: UmbriaPaolocci et al. 2004AF516784strain Ep7Italy: PiemontePaolocci et al. 2004AF516785strain E50Italy: UmbriaPaolocci et al. 2004AF516786strain E58Italy: UmbriaPaolocci et al. 2004AF516787strain E29Italy: AbruzzoPaolocci et al. 2004AF516788strain E1Italy: AbruzzoPaolocci et al. 2004AF516789strain E60Italy: UmbriaPaolocci et al. 2004AF516790strain E18Italy: AbruzzoPaolocci et al. 2004AF516791strain E5Italy: MolisePaolocci et al. 2004AF516792strain E24Italy: Emilia RomagnaPaolocci et al. 2004AY226042strain E17Italy: AbruzzoPaolocci et al. 2004AF132509Tuber uncinatumunknownRoux et al. 1999Tuber borchii Vittad.MZ423174AQUI 10151Italy: Lombardy, Varzi, Castello Oramalathis studyDQ679802isolate 17BoItaly: Emilia Romagna, Ravenna— Marina diBonuso et al. 2010RavennaFJ554490voucher CMI-UNIBO 2445Italy: Lombardia, PaviaBonuso et al. 2010FJ554506voucher CMI-UNIBO 3058Italy: Emilia Romagna, Ferrara—GardellettaBonuso et al. 2010FJ554507voucher CMI-UNIBO 3087Italy: Emilia Romagna, Ferrara—VascelloBonuso et al. 2010d’OroFJ554466voucher CMI-UNIBOItaly: Emilia Romagna, Bologna—SassoBonuso et al. 2010Tbo1570MarconiFJ554485voucher CMI-UNIBO 1833Italy: Emilia Romagna, Reggio Emilia—Bonuso et al. 2010QuattrocastellaFJ554470voucher CMI-UNIBOItaly: Veneto, Rovigo—Porto ViroBonuso et al. 2010Tbo2352FJ554469voucher CMI-UNIBOItaly: Veneto, Rovigo—town cemeteryBonuso et al. 2010Tbo2364FJ554481voucher CMI-UNIBO 2387Italy: Molise, Isernia—Belmonte del SannioBonuso et al. 2010FJ554513voucher CMI-UNIBO 3300Italy: Sicilia, Palermo—Monte PetrosoBonuso et al. 2010FJ554493voucher CMI-UNIBO 3026Italy: Emilia Romagna, Ferrara—BoscoBonuso et al. 2010SpadaFJ554502voucher CMI-UNIBO 3065Italy: Emilia Romagna, Ferrara—Gran BoscoBonuso et al. 2010della MesolaFJ554495voucher CMI-UNIBO 3078Italy: Sicilia, Palermo—San Martino delleBonuso et al. 2010ScaleFJ554491voucher CMI-UNIBO 2363Italy: Veneto, Rovigo—town parkBonuso et al. 2010AJ002510isolate 48 1992unknownMello et al. 1998Tuber magnatum PiccoMZ423175TO HG3458Italy: Piedmont, Montechiaro D'Asti, Loc.this studySeriaAJ586268isolate B1Italy: Piedmont, San Desiderio (AT)Mello et al. 2002AJ586267isolate B2Italy: Piedmont, Zanco (AT)Mello et al. 2002AJ586266isolate B3Italy: Piedmont, Ponzano (AC)Mello et al. 2002AJ586271isolate B6Italy: Piedmont, San Desiderio (AT)Mello et al. 2002AJ586265isolate B8Italy: Piedmont, Castellalfero (AT)Mello et al. 2002AJ586264isolate B9Italy: Piedmont, Castellalfero (AT)Mello et al. 2002AJ586263isolate B19Italy: Piedmont, Montemagno (AT)Mello et al. 2002AJ586262isolate B11Italy: Piedmont, Montemagno (AT)Mello et al. 2002AJ586261isolate E1Italy: Piedmont, Montemagno (AT)Mello et al. 2002AJ586260isolate b2ItalyMello et al. 2005AJ586259isolate b4ItalyMello et al. 2005AJ605110isolate TmsalItaly: Campania, SalernoMello et al. 2005AJ586258isolate xlItaly: Molise, CampobassoMello et al. 2005AJ586257isolate yItaly: Molise, CampobassoMello et al. 2005AJ586256isolate zItaly: Molise, CampobassoMello et al. 2005AJ002509isolate 1I1992unknownMello et al. 1998Tuber melanosporum Vittad.MZ423176AQUI 10152Italy: Lombardy, Monza, Parco Villa Realethis studyEU200420isolate 84Spain: Sierra de Loquiz - NavarraRiccioni et al. 2008EU200421isolate 281Italy: Spoleto Loc. S.Maria di Reggiano -Riccioni et al. 2008PerugiaEU200422isolate 121France: ProvenceRiccioni et al. 2008EU200433isolate MEL178France: Provence - TavernesRiccioni et al. 2008EU200434isolate MEL199Italy: Cerreto di Spoleto - PerugiaRiccioni et al. 2008EU200410isolate MEL298France: Borgogne - YonneRiccioni et al. 2008EU555383isolate MEL178 clone 2France: Provence - TavernesRiccioni et al. 2008EU555384isolate MEL178 clone 10France: Provence - TavernesRiccioni et al. 2008EU555385isolate MEL178 clone 49AFrance: Provence - TavernesRiccioni et al. 2008EU555386isolate MEL199 clone 11Italy: Cerreto di Spoleto - PerugiaRiccioni et al. 2008EU555387isolate MEL298 clone 23France: Borgogne - YonneRiccioni et al. 2008EU555388isolate MEL437 clone 13AItaly: Spoleto - PerugiaRiccioni et al. 2008EU555389isolate MEL437 clone 25AItaly: Spoleto - PerugiaRiccioni et al. 2008EU555390isolate MEL437 clone 26AItaly: Spoleto - PerugiaRiccioni et al. 2008EU555391isolate MEL437 clone 30AItaly: Spoleto - PerugiaRiccioni et al. 2008EU555392isolate MEL282 clone 48AItaly: Spoleto Loc. S.Maria di Reggiano -Riccioni et al. 2008PerugiaAF132501Tuber melanosporumunknownRoux et al. 1999Tuber brumale Vittad. var.AF001010Tuber brumale f.central ItalyRubini et al. 1998moschatum (Bull.) I.R. Hall,moschatumP.K. Buchanan, Wang & ColeTuber brumale Vittad.AF106880clone B44Italy: central, MarcheUnpublishedJF926118isolate S72Germany: Baden-WürttembergStobbe et al. 2012AF132504Tuber brumaleunknownRoux et al. 1999Tuber excavatum Vittad.HM152011isolate Tub09Austria: Bezirk Klosterneuburg, KritzendorfUnpublishedJF926119isolate S63Germany: Baden-WürttembergStobbe et al. 2012HM151997isolate it7_0Germany: ZierenbergUnpublishedFN433146specimen voucherSlovenia: NanosUnpublishedSFI:TUBEXC/250109BTuber excavatum Vittad. var.KX354287voucher JS812014Germany: north-east Bavaria, NÖrdlicheSchiebold et al.intermedium G. GrossFrankenalb2017Tuber macrosporum Vittad.AF106885clone Macro1Italy: central, UmbriaUnpublishedKP738396voucher ITA_011sItalyBenucci et al. 2016KP738349voucher ITA_013sItalyBenucci et al. 2016KP738346voucher ITA_012SItalyBenucci et al. 2016KP738351voucher ITA_014sItalyBenucci et al. 2016Tuber mesentericum Vittad.AF132508Tuber mesentericumunknownRoux et al. 1999JF926122isolate S7509Germany: Baden-WürttembergStobbe et al. 2012AF516799strain MgunknownUnpublishedFM205537isolate 04MESSlovenia: Karst regionUnpublishedHM485375isolate CW105Sweden: GotlandBonito et al. 2010Tuber maculatum Vittad.AF106889clone Mac1Italy: central, UmbriaUnpublishedAJ879691isolate 2Italy: PiedmontMurat et al. 2005EU753269herbarium 1967ItalyUnpublishedAJ969627specimen voucher Vittad.Denmark: Gurre Sø, North East ZealandTedersoo et al. 2006TL5974 (CopenhagenBotanical Museum)Tuber dryophilum Tul.JQ925644voucher GB35ItalyBonito et al. 2013HM485353isolate GB69ItalyBonito et al. 2013HM485354isolate GB37ItalyBonito et al. 2013Tuber foetitum Vittad.AJ557543isolate B-2452Hungary: GaréHalasz et al. 2005JQ288907voucher ZB516unknownUnpublishedTuber oligospermum (Tul. & C. KF021624voucher CMI-UNIBO 4230Morocco: Rabat, Marmora forestBoutahir et al. 2013Tul.) TrappeKF021622voucher CMI-UNIBO 4234Morocco: Rabat, Marmora forestBoutahir et al. 2013Tuber rapaeodorum Tul. & C.EU784429voucher RBG KewEnglandBrock et al. 2009Tul. *K(M)128884DQ011849voucher CMI-UNIBO 2483Armenia: DilijanUnpublishedTuber panniferum Tul. & C. Tul. AF 132507Tuber panniferumunknownRoux et al. 1999HM485380isolate JT12835SpainBonito et al. 2010Tuber rufum PolliniAY112894Tuber rufumunknownIotti et al. 2002JF926123isolate S90Germany: Baden-WürttembergStobbe et al. 2012EF362475voucher 1785ItalyIotti et al. 2007Tuber indicum Cooke &DQ329364isolate Tind-hl01China: Huili, Sichuan provinceWang et al. 2006aMasseeDQ375496isolate Tind-hl02China: Huili, Sichuan provinceWang et al. 2006bDQ375490isolate Tind-gs01China: Gongshan, Yunnan provinceWang et al. 2006bDQ375491isolate Tind-gs05China: Gongshan, Yunnan provinceWang et al. 2006b

This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Leonardi, Marco, Iotti, Mirco, Mello, Antonietta, Vizzini, Alfredo, Paz-Conde, Aurelia, Trappe, James, Pacioni, Giovanni (2021): Typification of the four most investigated and valuable truffles: Tuber aestivum Vittad., T. borchii Vittad., T. magnatum Picco and T. melanosporum Vittad. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (9): 149-170, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a9, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a9

This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Rossi, Walter, Leonardi, Marco (2020): New Laboulbeniales from China (Ascomycota). Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (1): 1-7, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2020v41a1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2020v41a1

No description available

Recent collections of Tuber malacodermum from Spain, Corsica, and Mexico were compared in an integrative morphological and molecular phylogenetic framework, including study of type material. Phylogenetic analyses of nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) and nuc 28S rDNA (28S) regions showed that specimens from Spain and Corsica form a monophyletic group closely related to T. melosporum and T. rufum, whereas Mexican specimens form a clade within the T. lyonii species complex. Peridium and ascospore morphology contribute clear morphological distinctions among specimens from Spain and Corsica, Mexico, and the type specimen of T. malacodermum. Based on results of the morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, we assigned the specimens from Spain and Corsica to Tuber pustulatum, sp. nov., and the Mexican specimens to Tuber theleascum, sp. nov. We restrict T. malacodermum to the sole type material. Formal descriptions and illustrations of these taxa are provided.

Recent collections of Tuber malacodermum from Spain, Corsica, and Mexico were compared in an integrative morphological and molecular phylogenetic framework, including study of type material. Phylogenetic analyses of nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) and nuc 28S rDNA (28S) regions showed that specimens from Spain and Corsica form a monophyletic group closely related to T. melosporum and T. rufum, whereas Mexican specimens form a clade within the T. lyonii species complex. Peridium and ascospore morphology contribute clear morphological distinctions among specimens from Spain and Corsica, Mexico, and the type specimen of T. malacodermum. Based on results of the morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, we assigned the specimens from Spain and Corsica to Tuber pustulatum, sp. nov., and the Mexican specimens to Tuber theleascum, sp. nov. We restrict T. malacodermum to the sole type material. Formal descriptions and illustrations of these taxa are provided.

Using Consumer Expenditure Survey data this paper shows that more educated workers demand more high-skill-intensive services and, to a lesser extent, more very low-skill-intensive services (such as personal services). Additional evidence at the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) level shows that this "education elasticity of demand" mechanism can explain part of the correlation between the share of college-educated workers in a city and the employment share of service industries. The parametrization of a simple model suggests that this induced demand shift can explain around 6.5 percent of the relative demand shift in the United States between 1984 and 2002. Similar results are provided for the United Kingdom. (JEL D12, J24, J31, L84)

Using Consumer Expenditure Survey data this paper shows that more educated workers demand more high-skill-intensive services and, to a lesser extent, more very low-skill-intensive services (such as personal services). Additional evidence at the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) level shows that this "education elasticity of demand" mechanism can explain part of the correlation between the share of college-educated workers in a city and the employment share of service industries. The parametrization of a simple model suggests that this induced demand shift can explain around 6.5 percent of the relative demand shift in the United States between 1984 and 2002. Similar results are provided for the United Kingdom. (JEL D12, J24, J31, L84)