Quaternary sputtering without additional selenization is a low-cost alternative method for the preparation of Cu(InGa)Se₂ (CIGS) thin film for photovoltaics. However, without selenization, the device efficiency is much lower than that with selenization. To comprehensively examine this problem, we compared the morphologies, depth profiles, compositions, electrical properties and recombination mechanism of the absorbers fabricated with and without additional selenization. The results revealed that the amount of surface Se on CIGS films annealed in a Se-free atmosphere is less than that on CIGS films annealed in a Se-containing atmosphere. Additionally, the lower amount of surface Se reduced the carrier concentration, enhanced the resistivity of the CIGS film and allowed CIGS/CdS interface recombination to be the dominant recombination mechanism to be CIGS/CdS interface recombination. The increase interface recombination reduced the efficiency of the device annealed in a Se-free atmosphere.

Quaternary sputtering without additional selenization is a low-cost alternative method for the preparation of Cu(InGa)Se₂ (CIGS) thin film for photovoltaics. However, without selenization, the device efficiency is much lower than that with selenization. To comprehensively examine this problem, we compared the morphologies, depth profiles, compositions, electrical properties and recombination mechanism of the absorbers fabricated with and without additional selenization. The results revealed that the amount of surface Se on CIGS films annealed in a Se-free atmosphere is less than that on CIGS films annealed in a Se-containing atmosphere. Additionally, the lower amount of surface Se reduced the carrier concentration, enhanced the resistivity of the CIGS film and allowed CIGS/CdS interface recombination to be the dominant recombination mechanism to be CIGS/CdS interface recombination. The increase interface recombination reduced the efficiency of the device annealed in a Se-free atmosphere.

Quaternary sputtering without additional selenization is a low-cost alternative method for the preparation of Cu(InGa)Se₂ (CIGS) thin film for photovoltaics. However, without selenization, the device efficiency is much lower than that with selenization. To comprehensively examine this problem, we compared the morphologies, depth profiles, compositions, electrical properties and recombination mechanism of the absorbers fabricated with and without additional selenization. The results revealed that the amount of surface Se on CIGS films annealed in a Se-free atmosphere is less than that on CIGS films annealed in a Se-containing atmosphere. Additionally, the lower amount of surface Se reduced the carrier concentration, enhanced the resistivity of the CIGS film and allowed CIGS/CdS interface recombination to be the dominant recombination mechanism to be CIGS/CdS interface recombination. The increase interface recombination reduced the efficiency of the device annealed in a Se-free atmosphere.

Quaternary sputtering without additional selenization is a low-cost alternative method for the preparation of Cu(InGa)Se₂ (CIGS) thin film for photovoltaics. However, without selenization, the device efficiency is much lower than that with selenization. To comprehensively examine this problem, we compared the morphologies, depth profiles, compositions, electrical properties and recombination mechanism of the absorbers fabricated with and without additional selenization. The results revealed that the amount of surface Se on CIGS films annealed in a Se-free atmosphere is less than that on CIGS films annealed in a Se-containing atmosphere. Additionally, the lower amount of surface Se reduced the carrier concentration, enhanced the resistivity of the CIGS film and allowed CIGS/CdS interface recombination to be the dominant recombination mechanism to be CIGS/CdS interface recombination. The increase interface recombination reduced the efficiency of the device annealed in a Se-free atmosphere.