The dataset comprises household energy consumption and characteristics data for Spain from 2006 to 2023, stored in a Stata data file. Accompanying this dataset is a Stata program file (in PDF), which contains the commands used for analysis. Additionally, a simulation program in a MS Excel format includes both data and computational tools for modeling household energy consumption, with an explanatory sheet detailing its usage.

The dataset comprises household energy consumption and characteristics data for Spain from 2006 to 2023, stored in a Stata data file. Accompanying this dataset is a Stata program file (in PDF), which contains the commands used to extract information on energy consumption patterns by household type. Additionally, a simulation program in a MS Excel format includes both data and computational tools designed to project future household energy consumption.

We provide the data used for this research in both Excel (one file with one matrix per sheet, 'Allmatrices.xlsx'), and CSV (one file per matrix). Patent applications (Patent_applications.csv) Patent applications from residents and no residents per million inhabitants. Data obtained from the World Development Indicators database (World Bank 2020). Normalization by the number of inhabitants was made by the authors. High-tech exports (High-tech_exports.csv) The proportion of exports of high-level technology manufactures from total exports by technology intensity, obtained from the Trade Structure by Partner, Product or Service-Category database (Lall, 2000; UNCTAD, 2019) Expenditure on education (Expenditure_on_education.csv) Per capita government expenditure on education, total (2010 US$). The data was obtained from the government expenditure on education (total % of GDP), GDP (constant 2010 US$), and population indicators of the World Development Indicators database (World Bank 2020). Normalization by the number of inhabitants was made by the authors. Scientific publications (Scientific_publications.csv) Scientific and technical journal articles per million inhabitants. The data were obtained from the scientific and technical journal articles and population indicators of the World Development Indicators database (World Bank 2020). Normalization by the number of inhabitants was made by the authors. Expenditure on R&D (Expenditure_on_R&D.csv) Expenditure on research and development. Data obtained from the research and development expenditure (% of GDP), GDP (constant 2010 US$), and population indicators of the World Development Indicators database (World Bank 2020). Normalization by the number of inhabitants was made by the authors. Two centuries of GDP (GDP_two_centuries.csv) GDP per capita that accounts for inflation. Data obtained from the Maddison Project Database, version 2018 (Inklaar et al. 2018), and available from the Open Numbers community (open-numbers.github.io). Inklaar, R., de Jong, H., Bolt, J., & van Zanden, J. (2018). Rebasing “Maddison”: new income comparisons and the shape of long-run economic development (GD-174; GGDC Research Memorandum). https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/53088705/gd174.pdf Lall, S. (2000). The Technological Structure and Performance of Developing Country Manufactured Exports, 1985‐98. Oxford Development Studies, 28(3), 337–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/713688318 Unctad. 2019. “Trade Structure by Partner, Product or Service-Category.” 2019. https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/. World Bank. (2020). World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

We provide the data used for this research in both Excel (one file with one matrix per sheet, 'Allmatrices.xlsx'), and CSV (one file per matrix). Patent applications (Patent_applications.csv) Patent applications from residents and no residents per million inhabitants. Data obtained from the World Development Indicators database (World Bank 2020). Normalization by the number of inhabitants was made by the authors. High-tech exports (High-tech_exports.csv) The proportion of exports of high-level technology manufactures from total exports by technology intensity, obtained from the Trade Structure by Partner, Product or Service-Category database (Lall, 2000; UNCTAD, 2019) Expenditure on education (Expenditure_on_education.csv) Per capita government expenditure on education, total (2010 US$). The data was obtained from the government expenditure on education (total % of GDP), GDP (constant 2010 US$), and population indicators of the World Development Indicators database (World Bank 2020). Normalization by the number of inhabitants was made by the authors. Scientific publications (Scientific_publications.csv) Scientific and technical journal articles per million inhabitants. The data were obtained from the scientific and technical journal articles and population indicators of the World Development Indicators database (World Bank 2020). Normalization by the number of inhabitants was made by the authors. Expenditure on R&D (Expenditure_on_R&D.csv) Expenditure on research and development. Data obtained from the research and development expenditure (% of GDP), GDP (constant 2010 US$), and population indicators of the World Development Indicators database (World Bank 2020). Normalization by the number of inhabitants was made by the authors. Two centuries of GDP (GDP_two_centuries.csv) GDP per capita that accounts for inflation. Data obtained from the Maddison Project Database, version 2018 (Inklaar et al. 2018), and available from the Open Numbers community (open-numbers.github.io). Inklaar, R., de Jong, H., Bolt, J., & van Zanden, J. (2018). Rebasing “Maddison”: new income comparisons and the shape of long-run economic development (GD-174; GGDC Research Memorandum). https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/53088705/gd174.pdf Lall, S. (2000). The Technological Structure and Performance of Developing Country Manufactured Exports, 1985‐98. Oxford Development Studies, 28(3), 337–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/713688318 Unctad. 2019. “Trade Structure by Partner, Product or Service-Category.” 2019. https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/. World Bank. (2020). World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators