Raw multibeam bathymetry data were collected aboard RV METEOR during cruise M193 using a Kongsberg EM 122 multibeam echosounder. The expedition took place during 08.09.2023 – 06.10.2023 from Limassol (Cyprus) - Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) in the Mediterranean and Red Sea. The major aims of M193 were to investigate whether and how Pleistocene humidity-aridity phases are recorded in marine sediments; how these periods affected the development of shallow- and deep-water carbonate systems along offshore western Saudi Arabia; and where unique warm-water (>20°C) high-salinity deep-sea corals assemblages with an unclear taxonomy thrive. Data were recorded in the EEZ of Saudi Arabia. Sound velocity profiles (SVP) were applied on the data for calibration. Please see environmental data and the cruise report for details. The data are unprocessed and can therefore contain incorrect depth measurements (artifacts) if not further processed. Note that refraction errors may occur when no proper SVP is applied. Data acquisition was done by the Institute of Geology, University of Hamburg, provision of the data is supported by the DAM Underway Project and published according to the FAIR principles.

Raw water column data were collected aboard RV METEOR during cruise M193 using a Kongsberg EM 710 multibeam echosounder. The expedition took place during 08.09.2023 – 06.10.2023 from Limassol (Cyprus) - Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) in the Mediterranean and Red Sea. The major aims of M193 were to investigate whether and how Pleistocene humidity-aridity phases are recorded in marine sediments; how these periods affected the development of shallow- and deep-water carbonate systems along offshore western Saudi Arabia; and where unique warm-water (>20°C) high-salinity deep-sea corals assemblages with an unclear taxonomy thrive. Data were recorded in the EEZ of Saudi Arabia. Sound velocity profiles (SVP) were applied on the data for calibration. Please see environmental data and the cruise report for details. The data are unprocessed and can therefore contain incorrect depth measurements (artifacts) if not further processed. Note that refraction errors may occur when no proper SVP is applied. Data acquisition was done by the Institute of Geology, University of Hamburg, provision of the data is supported by the DAM Underway Project and published according to the FAIR principles.

Raw multibeam bathymetry data were collected aboard RV METEOR during cruise M193 using a Kongsberg EM 710 multibeam echosounder. The expedition took place during 08.09.2023 – 06.10.2023 from Limassol (Cyprus) - Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) in the Mediterranean and Red Sea. The major aims of M193 were to investigate whether and how Pleistocene humidity-aridity phases are recorded in marine sediments; how these periods affected the development of shallow- and deep-water carbonate systems along offshore western Saudi Arabia; and where unique warm-water (>20°C) high-salinity deep-sea corals assemblages with an unclear taxonomy thrive. Data were recorded in the EEZ of Saudi Arabia. Sound velocity profiles (SVP) were applied on the data for calibration. Please see environmental data and the cruise report for details. The data are unprocessed and can therefore contain incorrect depth measurements (artifacts) if not further processed. Note that refraction errors may occur when no proper SVP is applied. Data acquisition was done by the Institute of Geology, University of Hamburg, provision of the data is supported by the DAM Underway Project and published according to the FAIR principles.

Raw water column data were collected aboard RV METEOR during cruise M193 using a Kongsberg EM 122 multibeam echosounder. The expedition took place during 08.09.2023 – 06.10.2023 from Limassol (Cyprus) - Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) in the Mediterranean and Red Sea. The major aims of M193 were to investigate whether and how Pleistocene humidity-aridity phases are recorded in marine sediments; how these periods affected the development of shallow- and deep-water carbonate systems along offshore western Saudi Arabia; and where unique warm-water (>20°C) high-salinity deep-sea corals assemblages with an unclear taxonomy thrive. Data were recorded in the EEZ of Saudi Arabia. Sound velocity profiles (SVP) were applied on the data for calibration. Please see environmental data and the cruise report for details. The data are unprocessed and can therefore contain incorrect depth measurements (artifacts) if not further processed. Note that refraction errors may occur when no proper SVP is applied. Data acquisition was done by the Institute of Geology, University of Hamburg, provision of the data is supported by the DAM Underway Project and published according to the FAIR principles.

The seismic data were collected on the Queensland Plateau during RV SONNE expedition SO292 in spring 2022 (Betzler et al., 2022). The seismic signals were generated by two simultaneously released GI-Gun (true GI-Modus; primary volume of 45 in3) and a Mini-GI source (true GI-Modus; primary volume of 15 in3), towed 41 m behind the ship's stern and in a water depth of ca. 2.5 m. Sources were released by a GPS-controlled PC every 18.75 m at 160 bar. To synchronize seismic sources and trigger the recording system, a SureShot trigger system was used. This system allowed to display and adjust the source signatures measured by hydrophones attached to the seismic sources for each shot and therefore enabled an online quality control during the watchkeeping. The streamer was a Hydroscience Technologies SeaMUX 144-channel system with an active length of 600 m and symmetric group interval. The recording length was set to 4 s, the sample interval was 1 ms. Raw data were stored in SEG-Y format.All seismic profiles were processed on board with the 2021 VISTA® desktop seismic data processing software by Schlumberger. The main processing steps were Bandpass filtering (18/25 – 350/450 Hz), velocity analysis (every 25-500 CMP), spherical divergence correction, NMO-correction and stack, FD migration, topmute, data enhancement (white noise removal, fx deco), scaling. Processed data contained in this dataset are stored as SEG-Y. UTM coordinates (UTM zone 55) are stored at trace header position 181 (4-byte) and 185 (4-byte).

Raw water column data were collected aboard RV SONNE during cruise SO303 BIOGIN using a 12 kHz Kongsberg EM 122 multibeam echosounder. The expedition took place during 21.01.2024 - 19.02.2024 from La Réunion (France) to Colombo (Sri Lanka) in the Indian Ocean. The aim of SO303 BIOGIN (BIOGeochemistry in the equatorial INdian Ocean and the northern Arabian Sea) was to to sample a transect from 15°S to 9°N at 67°30'E to 69°E to study the southern extent of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone. Important note: Due to a political situation, the foregoing cruise SO302 had been cancelled and the expedition dates of SO303 shifted. Hence data that would have originally been within the time range of SO302 are now within SO303. See cruise report for further details. Data were recorded outside EEZs. Sound velocity profiles (SVP) were applied on the data for calibration. Please see environmental data and the cruise report for details. The data are unprocessed and can therefore contain incorrect depth measurements (artifacts) if not further processed. Note that refraction errors may occur when no proper SVP is applied. Data acquisition was done by University of Hamburg, provision of the data is supported by the DAM Underway Project and published according to the FAIR principles.

Raw multibeam bathymetry data were collected aboard RV SONNE during cruise SO303 BIOGIN using a 12 kHz Kongsberg EM 122 multibeam echosounder. The expedition took place during 21.01.2024 - 19.02.2024 from La Réunion (France) to Colombo (Sri Lanka) in the Indian Ocean. The aim of SO303 BIOGIN (BIOGeochemistry in the equatorial INdian Ocean and the northern Arabian Sea) was to to sample a transect from 15°S to 9°N at 67°30'E to 69°E to study the southern extent of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone. Important note: Due to a political situation, the foregoing cruise SO302 had been cancelled and the expedition dates of SO303 shifted. Hence data that would have originally been within the time range of SO302 are now within SO303. See cruise report for further details. Data were recorded outside EEZs. Sound velocity profiles (SVP) were applied on the data for calibration. Please see environmental data and the cruise report for details. The data are unprocessed and can therefore contain incorrect depth measurements (artifacts) if not further processed. Note that refraction errors may occur when no proper SVP is applied. Data acquisition was done by University of Hamburg, provision of the data is supported by the DAM Underway Project and published according to the FAIR principles.

Underway temperature and salinity data was collected along the cruise track with two autonomous thermosalinograph (TSG) systems, each consisting of a SBE21 TSG together with a SBE38 Thermometer. Both systems worked independent from each other throughout the cruise. While temperature is taken at the water inlet in about 5 m depth, salinity is estimated within the interior TSG from conductivity and interior temperature. No correction against independent data was performed for temperature and salinity. Finally, TSG1 was chosen for publication. For details to all processing steps see Data Processing Report.

Multibeam bathymetry raw data using the ship's own Kongsberg EM 710 multibeam echosounder was not continuously recorded during RV SONNE cruise SO270. Data was recorded on 26 days between 2019-09-23 and 2019-10-19. This dataset a survey data covering the Saya de Malha Bank and Sommerville Bank with shallow water depth. The approximate average depth of the entire dataset is around 300m.The data are archived at the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency of Germany (Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, BSH) and provided to PANGAEA database for data curation and publication. Ancillary sound velocity profiles (SVP) files from the cruise are archived at the BSH, thus SVP files are added to this dataset. Also data analysis of the multibeam raw data revealed that SVP has been changed during the survey.This publication is conducted within the efforts of the German Marine Research Alliance in the core area 'Data management and Digitalization' (Deutsche Allianz Meeresforschung, DAM).Data are unprocessed and therefore contains incorrect depth measurements (artifacts) without further processing. Note that refraction errors can be expected due to the lack of proper SVP. Overall, it appears that the data quality is rather good since the gridded hillshade data showed relatively few obstacles.Data can be processed e.g. with the open source software package MB-System (Caress, D. W., and D. N. Chayes, MB-System: Mapping the Seafloor, http://www.mbari.org/products/research-software/mb-system/, 2022).

Water column raw data using the ship's own Kongsberg EM 122 multibeam echosounder was not continuously recorded during RV SONNE cruise SO270. Data was only recorded on 4 days between 2019-10-04 and 2019-10-22 in the Indian Ocean at the Saya de Malha Bank / Sommerville Bank.The data are archived at the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency of Germany (Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, BSH) and provided to PANGAEA database for data curation and publication. Ancillary sound velocity profiles (SVP) files from the cruise are archived at the BSH and added to the corresponding multibeam raw dataset doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.954993This publication is conducted within the efforts of the German Marine Research Alliance in the core area 'Data management and Digitalization' (Deutsche Allianz Meeresforschung, DAM).