This dataset ‘Example_Interaction_Data’ comprises the empirical interaction data used in the ILSM R package for analyzing tripartite ecological network structure. The dataset contains quantitative interaction matrices from 49 distinct tripartite networks, systematically organized into two major ecological system types: 31 Pollinator-Plant-Herbivore networks and 18 Plant-Herbivore-Parasitoid networks. This dataset ‘ILSM_Function‘ supports the ILSM R package for analyzing interconnection structures in tripartite ecological networks. The package provides computational functions to quantify 48 interconnection motifs, species roles, and network-level patterns in tripartite interaction systems. Key functionalities include motif frequency analysis using matrix-based algorithms, connector species role assessment, interconnection centrality metrics, and null model generation for statistical testing. The tools handle both binary and weighted networks, supporting the analysis of ecological systems such as pollinator-plant-herbivore and plant-herbivore-parasitoid networks. All functions are implemented in R and designed for efficient processing of tripartite network data.

The network_data.xlsx includes two datasets of tripartite networks. The network structures.xlsx includes all subnetwork structures and interconnection properties of connector nodes for two types of tripartite networks.

Abstract1. Habitat fragmentation is a primary driver of biodiversity loss globally. One impact of habitat fragmentation is the resultant decline and loss of large and medium mammal populations (also known as defaunation). While the effects of habitat fragmentation and associated defaunation on species diversity are well-documented, their impacts on intraspecific diversity are less studied.2. One understudied source of intraspecific diversity is the animal personality traits within populations. As individuals with contrasting personality traits may disproportionately contribute to ecosystem functions, losing diversity of personality traits could thus impair ecosystem functions, even if some individuals of the species still persist. However, it is still unclear how the diversity of animal personality traits changes in fragmented habitats with severe defaunation.3. Here, we conducted mammal surveys and comprehensive behavioral assessments of Niviventer confucianus (Chinese white-bellied rat) – the most abundant rodent – on 11 forested islands in Thousand Island Lake, China, a fragmented reservoir island system formed by dam construction. We used Bayesian structural equation modelling and a functional diversity framework considering intraspecific variation to disentangle the direct and indirect effects of habitat fragmentation and defaunation on the functional diversity of N. confucianus personality traits.4. We found that defaunation directly decreased the functional divergence of N. confucianus personality traits. Decreasing island area indirectly reduced the functional divergence of N. confucianus personality traits through intensifying defaunation. We also found that island area directly increased rodent abundance but simultaneously exerted an indirect negative effect via defaunation. However, we did not find the effect of rodent abundance on the functional divergence, nor did we find effects of habitat fragmentation and defaunation on functional richness or functional evenness of N. confucianus personality traits.5. These results indicate that defaunation may play a key role in mediating the negative effects of habitat fragmentation on animal behavioral diversity. The defaunation-resultant declines of intraspecific behavioral diversity highlight the importance of measuring intraspecific diversity to better understand the ecological consequences of human-driven environmental changes on biodiversity.

"network structure.csv" contains the topological structure parameters of different networks."multilayer network structure.csv" contains the modular structure data of the multilayer network and the adjustability of plants."core-periphery structure.csv" contains the core and peripheral status of species and their interactions."versatility.csv" contains the versatility data of plants and pollinators."robustness.csv" contains the robustness of plants and pollination function under different simulation scenarios.

Abstract1. Habitat fragmentation is a primary driver of biodiversity loss globally. One impact of habitat fragmentation is the resultant decline and loss of large and medium mammal populations (also known as defaunation). While the effects of habitat fragmentation and associated defaunation on species diversity are well-documented, their impacts on intraspecific diversity are less studied.2. One understudied source of intraspecific diversity is the animal personality traits within populations. As individuals with contrasting personality traits may disproportionately contribute to ecosystem functions, losing diversity of personality traits could thus impair ecosystem functions, even if some individuals of the species still persist. However, it is still unclear how the diversity of animal personality traits changes in fragmented habitats with severe defaunation.3. Here, we conducted mammal surveys and comprehensive behavioral assessments of Niviventer confucianus (Chinese white-bellied rat) – the most abundant rodent – on 11 forested islands in Thousand Island Lake, China, a fragmented reservoir island system formed by dam construction. We used Bayesian structural equation modelling and a functional diversity framework considering intraspecific variation to disentangle the direct and indirect effects of habitat fragmentation and defaunation on the functional diversity of N. confucianus personality traits.4. We found that defaunation directly decreased the functional divergence of N. confucianus personality traits. Decreasing island area indirectly reduced the functional divergence of N. confucianus personality traits through intensifying defaunation. We also found that island area directly increased rodent abundance but simultaneously exerted an indirect negative effect via defaunation. However, we did not find the effect of rodent abundance on the functional divergence, nor did we find effects of habitat fragmentation and defaunation on functional richness or functional evenness of N. confucianus personality traits.5. These results indicate that defaunation may play a key role in mediating the negative effects of habitat fragmentation on animal behavioral diversity. The defaunation-resultant declines of intraspecific behavioral diversity highlight the importance of measuring intraspecific diversity to better understand the ecological consequences of human-driven environmental changes on biodiversity.

Data for reproducing the results of the changes of current and future terrestrial vertebrate (mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians) food webs.

Data for reproducing the results of the changes of current and future terrestrial vertebrate (mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians) food webs.

Data for reproducing the results of the changes of current and future terrestrial vertebrate (mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians) food webs.

Data for reproducing the results of the changes of current and future terrestrial vertebrate (mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians) food webs.

The interaction records from peer-reviewed articles. Data and Codes for performing analysis in the manuscript.