Code Available: https://github.com/claireanderson34/E.coli_Cement/blob/7bb1dd64d5ec288e47e42a14db71a073d73391e2/Data%20Analysis_publication.RThis study investigates the survival of Escherichia Coli (E. coli), an indicator of fecal contamination, on cement and evaluates its reduction through common removal activities (mopping, sweeping, and walking). We compared E. coli survival and removal on: 1) ordinary Portland concrete, 2) mortar mix, and 3) fly ash cement mix produced with lower CO2 emissions. Additionally, we compared outcomes on cement with and without soil to assess the impact of organic matter and at two temperatures representing the dry and wet seasons in Bangladesh.

<p><strong>Title</strong>: Seismic Performance Assessment and Retrofit of Non-Ductile RC Frames with Infill Walls (NEES-2007-0422)</p> <p><b>Year Of Curation: </b>2012</p> <p><b>Description: </b>The data presented here is from a collaborative research project carried out by researchers from the University of California at San Diego, Stanford University, and the University of Colorado at Boulder. The research objectives were two-fold. One was to develop rational and reliable analytical methods, such as refined computational models and simplified analysis methods, for assessing the seismic performance of masonry-infilled RC frames, and the other was to develop effective seismic retrofit techniques to strength and improve the performance of non-ductile RC frame structures infilled with unreinforced masonry. For the latter objective, a retrofit technique using an Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) overlay on unreinforced masonry infill walls was developed and evaluated. In one shake-table test specimen, the effectiveness of using a Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymeric (GFRP) overlay was investigated as well. The retrofit schemes and analytical tools were validated with experimental data obtained from small- and large-scale frame specimens representing 1920-era construction in California. These tests are summarized as follows and a complete set of the test data is available at this site.</p> <p><b>Award: </b>http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0530709</p> <p><b>PIs &amp; CoPIs: </b>Benson Shing, Sarah Billington, Kaspar William</p> <p><b>Dates: </b>October 09, 2006 - October 12, 2010</p> <p><b>Organizations: </b>Stanford University, CA, United States, &nbsp; &nbsp;University of California, San Diego, CA, United States, &nbsp; &nbsp;University of Colorado at Boulder, CO, United States</p> <p><b>Facilities: </b>Stanford University, CA, United States,University of California, San Diego, CA, United States,University of Colorado at Boulder, CO, United States</p> <p><b>Sponsor: </b>NSF - 0530709&nbsp;</p> <p><b>Keywords: </b>non-ductile RC frames, masonry infill, seismic performance, seismic retrofit, seismic strengthening</p> <p><b>Publications:&nbsp;</b><br /> &quot;Numerical Analysis of Masonry-Infilled Reinforced Concrete Frames Subjected to Seismic Loads and Experimental Evaluation of Retrofit Techniques&quot;<br /> &quot;Analytical and Experimental Study of Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Frames Infilled with Masonry Walls&quot;<br /> &quot;Numerical Analysis of Masonry-Infilled Reinforced Concrete Frames Subjected to Seismic Loads and Experimental Evaluation of Retrofit Techniques&quot;&nbsp;</p> <nb:citations></nb:citations>

<p><strong>Title:</strong> Controlled Rocking of Steel-Framed Buildings (NEES-2005-0075)</p> <p><strong>Year Of Curation: </strong>2012</p> <p><strong>Description: </strong>Research and experience from past earthquakes suggest the need for buildings that are less vulnerable to damage and easier to repair after a major earthquake. Of particular concern are certain conventional systems, such as concentrically braced steel frame buildings, which are quite prevalent and whose design may rely on more inelastic energy dissipation than the systems can provide. This research aims to develop a new structural system that employs controlled self-centering rocking action and replaceable structural fuses to provide safe and cost effective resistance to earthquakes. The system combines desirable aspects of conventional steel-braced framing with innovative self-centering rocking action that employs high strength post-tensioning and replaceable shear fuses. After preliminary investigations of several possible fuse types, the research focused on steel fuses consisting of thin mild-steel plates with butterfly-shaped flexural links. Guided by performance-based capacity design principles, the fuses are easily replaceable and can be tuned to provide optimal performance. Through a combined program of computational and experimental research, the project encompasses component and complete system response and synthesis of the results through a methodology for performance-based design that directly assesses life safety and life-cycle economic factors. The proposed concept emphasizes damage prevention to foundations and other structural elements that are difficult to repair; inelastic energy dissipation in structural fuses that are easy to replace; story drift control so that nonstructural damage is reduced; and sufficient safety against collapse. The research program includes (1) development and testing of the steel butterfly fuses at Stanford University, (2) quasi-static testing of a large-scale frame subassembly at the NEES facility at the University of Illinois, and (3) dynamic shake table testing of a large-scale rocking frame at the E-Defense facility table in Japan.&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Award: </strong>http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0530756</p> <p><strong>PIs &amp; CoPIs: </strong>Gregory Deierlein, Sarah Billington, Jerome F. Hajjar</p> <p><strong>Dates: </strong>January 01, 2005 - September 30, 2010</p> <p><strong>Organizations: </strong>Stanford University, CA, United States, &nbsp;&nbsp; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States</p> <p><strong>Facilities: </strong>Stanford University, CA, United States, &nbsp;&nbsp; Hyogo Earthquake Engineering Research Center (E-Defense), Miki, Japan, &nbsp;&nbsp; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States</p> <p><strong>Sponsor: </strong>NSF - 0530756&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>steel, controlledrocking, post-tension, fuse, shake table, self-centering, braced frame</p> <p><strong>Publications: </strong><br /> &quot;Large-Scale Cyclic and Hybrid Simulation Testing and Development of a Controlled-Rocking Steel Building System With Replaceable Fuses&quot;<br /> Alejandro Pena, &quot;Design and Behavior of Steel Shear Plates with Openings as Energy Dissipating Fuses&quot;<br /> &quot;Seismic Design, Simulation and Shake Table Testing of Self-Centering Braced Frame with Controlled Rocking and Energy Dissipating Fuses&quot;</p> <nb:citations></nb:citations>

<p><strong>Title</strong>: Innovative Applications of Damage Tolerant Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Materials for New Earthquake-Resistant Structural Systems and Retrofit of Existing Structures (NEES-2005-0047)</p> <p><strong>Year Of Curation: </strong>2011</p> <p><strong>Description: </strong>NEES testing facilities and associated simulation capabilities will be employed to develop new coupled wall systems and retrofit schemes for framed construction through the use of high-performance fiber reinforced concrete (HPFRC). This research was conceived from the idea that the next generation of reinforced concrete (RC) structures should utilize ductile cementitious materials in critical regions, rather than extensive reinforcement detailing to provide shear resistance and concrete confinement. A high-performance fiber reinforced concrete (HPFRC) that is ductile in tension, does not spall in compression, behaves like a confined concrete, and is capable of providing confinement to normal reinforcement, will be used. In addition to enhancing confinement and flexural behavior in plastic hinging regions, HPFRC materials are capable of providing ductility and energy dissipation capabilities to shear critical members that are normally a difficult design issue for RC structures. The use of HPFRC materials for such members will lead to less complicated reinforcement details, will be easier to construct, and will provide a high degree of damage tolerance, leading to superior seismic performance and reduced post-earthquake repair costs. The research will be conducted by a diverse and multidisciplinary team from three major universities, Michigan, Stanford and Illinois, with expertise in structural engineering, computational simulation, materials engineering, information technology and cyberinfrastructure deployment. Cooperative assistance with computation and simulation requirements has been offered by the MGRID and Sakai research groups at the University of Michigan.</p> <p><strong>Award: </strong>http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0530383</p> <p><strong>PIs &amp; CoPIs: </strong>James Wight, Sarah Billington, Sherif El-Tawil, Gustavo Parra-Montesinos</p> <p><strong>Dates: </strong>September 01, 2005 to August 31, 2010&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Organizations: </strong></p> <p><strong>Facilities: </strong>University of Michigan, MI, United States, &nbsp; &nbsp; Stanford University, CA, United States, &nbsp; &nbsp; University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States</p> <p><strong>Sponsor: </strong>NSF - 0530383</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>fiber reinforcement, coupled wall, coupling beam, Braced Frames</p> <p><strong>Publications:&nbsp;</strong><br /> &quot;High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Earthquake-Resistant Design of Coupled Wall Systems&quot;<br /> &quot;Earthquake-Resistant Design of Coupling Beam Elements Incorporating High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete &quot;<br /> &quot;The Design of Coupled Wall Systems for Earthquake Motions with High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete&quot;</p> <nb:citations></nb:citations>

<p><strong>Title: </strong>Large-Scale Testing of Fault Rupture Effects for SFPUC - BDPL3 &amp; 4 Fault Crossing Phase 2 (NEES-2009-0728)</p> <p><strong>Year Of Curation: </strong>2012</p> <p><strong>Description: </strong>This project includes tests performed for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC) for the seismic upgrade of Bay Division Pipelines (BDPLs) at specific fault crossings. The tests were performed with the Large-Scale Lifelines Testing Facility at Cornell University, which is part of the George E. Brown, Jr, Network for Earthquake Engineering Research (NEES) supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF). The seismic upgrade of BDPLs 3 and 4 involves the replacement of the existing BDPL 3 at its fault crossing. The design entails enclosing the new BDPL, in a segmental, reinforced concrete vault with special joints that can accommodate lateral offset and compressive deformation during fault rupture, thereby allowing for rotation and compression of the pipeline inside the vault at ball and slip joints, respectively. The length of the protective vault is approximately 300 ft, and the width, height, and lengths of the reinforced concrete segments are approximately 20 ft.</p> <p><strong>Award: </strong>http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0217366</p> <p><strong>PIs &amp; CoPIs: </strong>San Francisco Public Utilities Commission</p> <p><strong>Dates: </strong>September 09, 2008 - October 15, 2009</p> <p><strong>Organizations: </strong>Cornell University, NY, United States</p> <p><strong>Facilities: </strong>Cornell University, NY, United States</p> <p><strong>Sponsor: </strong>NSF - CMMI - 0217366</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Fault rupture, Partially Saturated Sand, Protective segmental concrete vault</p> <p><strong>Publications:</strong>&nbsp;N/A</p> <nb:citations></nb:citations>