Data belonging to the paper "Biarticular gastrocnemii muscles increase their joint energy transfer potential at high running speeds" published in the journal Royal Society Open Science 2025.

Data belonging to the paper "Biarticular gastrocnemii muscles increase their joint energy transfer potential at high running speeds" published in the journal Royal Society Open Science 2025.

Data set for the manuscript: Assessment and modeling of the activation-dependent shift in optimal length of the human soleus muscle in vivo

Data set for the manuscript: Assessment and modeling of the activation-dependent shift in optimal length of the human soleus muscle in vivo

All the data are stored in a MATLAB structure format.
Slow walk = walking at 0.7 m/s Normal walk = walking at 1.4 m/s walk seven = walking at 2.5 m/s walk max = walking at 2.6 +- 0.3 m/s
all_ime_result3 = the results of the linear mixed model on all parameters.
Statistical_3 = values for all individuals.
Statistical_values_3 = Average and standard errors of all parameters.
Tables_1 = all of the tables introduced in the article. --------------------Description of the variables-------------------- General instruction: Variables that ended with “ _avg” are the average of all gait cycles. Variables that ended with “_avg_s” are the average of all gait stance phases. Variables that ended with “_trials” are the all data of all gait cycles. Sampling frequency of the motion capture is: 250 Hz Sampling frequency of the analogue channels are: 1000 Hz Name: name of the current trial. Participants: the code name of the individuals participated in the study. MTJ: the displacement of the muscle-tendon junction of the gastrocnemius medialis and the Achilles tendon. AT_elongation: the elongation of the Achilles tendon (referenced at the AT rest length in 20 degree plantarflexion) AT_length: The absolute values of the Achilles tendon length. MB_length: the length of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle belly. (the length between MTJ and knee joint center). MTU_Hawkins: the length of the muscle-tendon unit with Hawkins method (with knee and ankle angle, for more info please see D. Hawkins and M. Hull 1990). L_GM_MTU: the length of the Achilles tendon plus MB_length. L_GM_MTU_medial_knee: the length of the Achilles tendon plus MB_length (the length of Achilles tendon and medial knee reflective marker) AT_strain: The strain of the Achilles tendon. Ankle: the ankle angle. Ankle_angle_vel: the angular velocity of the ankle. Knee: the knee angle. Heel: The angle between the heel marker, ankle joint center and the knee joint center. Strain_engery: The elastic strain energy of the Achilles tendon. E_gm_ten: the elastic strain energy of the tendon of the gastrocnemius medialis. E_gm_belly: the energy of the gastrocnemius medialis (by using the MB_length) E_gm_MTU: the energy of the gastrocnemius medialis (by using the L_GM_MTU) Strain_energy_rate: the power of the tendon. Force: the force of the Achilles tendon. F_GM: the force of the gastrocnemius medialis (CSA=0.26% of total). Ankle_moment: The moment generated by whole triceps surae muscles around the ankle joint. Ankle_moemnt_norm: The moment generated by whole triceps surae muscles around the ankle joint normalized with individuals body weights. Ankle_work: the work done by whole triceps surae muscle around the ankle joint. Ankle_work_total: net work done by triceps surae muscle around the ankle joint. Ankle_power: The power generated around ankle joint by by triceps surae muscle around the ankle joint. Knee_moment_gm: the moment generated around knee joint by gastrocnemius medials. Knee_moment_gl: the moment generated around knee joint by gastrocnemius lateralis. Knee_power_gm: the power generated around knee joint by gastrocnemius medials. Knee_power_gl: the power generated around knee joint by gastrocnemius medials. EMGs: the electromyography of all investigated muscles (sol, gm, ta). EMG_Norm: normalized electromyography of all investigated muscles (sol, gm, ta) referenced with EMG during individuals maximum voluntary contraction. MVC_Plantar: the electromyography of all investigated muscles during plantarflexion (2 trials) MVC_Dorsi: the electromyography of all investigated muscles during plantarflexion (2 trials) Stance_phases: Number of frames in stance phase of all trials (sampling frequency is 250 hz). Stance_average: the average of the number of frames in stance phase (sampling frequency is 250 hz). Swing_phase: Number of frames in stance phase of all trials (sampling frequency is 250 Hz). Dorsi_time_s: the time when ankle is in dorsi flexion during stance phase (seconds). Plantar_time_s: the time when ankle is in plantarflexion during stance phase (seconds). TO_percent: the toe off in percentage of total gait cycle. TO: the separation of the toe off in frame numbers (sampling frequency is 250 Hz). HS: Heel strike of the right foot in frame numbers (sampling frequency is 250 Hz). Cycle_length: the length of total gait cycle in frame numbers (sampling frequency is 250 Hz). Shank_len_static: the length of the shank during standing. Shank_len_gait: the length of the shank during gait. Lever_arm: the ankle lever-arm. V_gm_tendon: the linear velocity of the Achilles tendon. V_gm_belly: the linear velocity of the GM muscle belly (by using the MB_length). V_gm_MTU: the linear velocity of the GM muscle-tendon unit (by using the L_GM_MTU). Rest_length: the length of the Achilles tendon at 20 degree plantarflexion. Power_GM_MTU_joint: the power of the GM muscle-tendon unit with calculation of Biarticular equation. Power_GM_belly_joint: the power of the GM muscle with calculation of Biarticular equation. Power_GM_ankle: the power of GM at the ankle joint with calculation of Biarticular equation. Power_TSM_joint: the power of the total triceps surae muscle with calculation of Biarticular equation. Power_TSM_belly_joint: the power of the total triceps surae muscle minus the power of the Achilles tendon. Work_GM_MTU: integral of the Power_GM_ankle over time. Work_GL_MTU: integral of the Power_GL_ankle over time. Work_GM_Belly: integral of the Power_GM_belly_joint over time. Work_TSM_joint: integral of the Power_TSM_joint over time. Work_TSM_Belly_joint: integral of the Power_TSM_belly_joint over time. Work_GM_Knee: integral of the Knee_Power_gm over tiem. Work_GL_Knee: integral of the Knee_power_gl over time.

Data set for the manuscript: Speed-specific optimal contractile conditions of the human soleus muscle from slow to maximum running speed

All the data are stored in a MATLAB structure format.
Slow walk = walking at 0.7 m/s Normal walk = walking at 1.4 m/s walk seven = walking at 2.5 m/s walk max = walking at 2.6 +- 0.3 m/s
all_ime_result3 = the results of the linear mixed model on all parameters.
Statistical_3 = values for all individuals.
Statistical_values_3 = Average and standard errors of all parameters.
Tables_1 = all of the tables introduced in the article. --------------------Description of the variables-------------------- General instruction: Variables that ended with “ _avg” are the average of all gait cycles. Variables that ended with “_avg_s” are the average of all gait stance phases. Variables that ended with “_trials” are the all data of all gait cycles. Sampling frequency of the motion capture is: 250 Hz Sampling frequency of the analogue channels are: 1000 Hz Name: name of the current trial. Participants: the code name of the individuals participated in the study. MTJ: the displacement of the muscle-tendon junction of the gastrocnemius medialis and the Achilles tendon. AT_elongation: the elongation of the Achilles tendon (referenced at the AT rest length in 20 degree plantarflexion) AT_length: The absolute values of the Achilles tendon length. MB_length: the length of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle belly. (the length between MTJ and knee joint center). MTU_Hawkins: the length of the muscle-tendon unit with Hawkins method (with knee and ankle angle, for more info please see D. Hawkins and M. Hull 1990). L_GM_MTU: the length of the Achilles tendon plus MB_length. L_GM_MTU_medial_knee: the length of the Achilles tendon plus MB_length (the length of Achilles tendon and medial knee reflective marker) AT_strain: The strain of the Achilles tendon. Ankle: the ankle angle. Ankle_angle_vel: the angular velocity of the ankle. Knee: the knee angle. Heel: The angle between the heel marker, ankle joint center and the knee joint center. Strain_engery: The elastic strain energy of the Achilles tendon. E_gm_ten: the elastic strain energy of the tendon of the gastrocnemius medialis. E_gm_belly: the energy of the gastrocnemius medialis (by using the MB_length) E_gm_MTU: the energy of the gastrocnemius medialis (by using the L_GM_MTU) Strain_energy_rate: the power of the tendon. Force: the force of the Achilles tendon. F_GM: the force of the gastrocnemius medialis (CSA=0.26% of total). Ankle_moment: The moment generated by whole triceps surae muscles around the ankle joint. Ankle_moemnt_norm: The moment generated by whole triceps surae muscles around the ankle joint normalized with individuals body weights. Ankle_work: the work done by whole triceps surae muscle around the ankle joint. Ankle_work_total: net work done by triceps surae muscle around the ankle joint. Ankle_power: The power generated around ankle joint by by triceps surae muscle around the ankle joint. Knee_moment_gm: the moment generated around knee joint by gastrocnemius medials. Knee_moment_gl: the moment generated around knee joint by gastrocnemius lateralis. Knee_power_gm: the power generated around knee joint by gastrocnemius medials. Knee_power_gl: the power generated around knee joint by gastrocnemius medials. EMGs: the electromyography of all investigated muscles (sol, gm, ta). EMG_Norm: normalized electromyography of all investigated muscles (sol, gm, ta) referenced with EMG during individuals maximum voluntary contraction. MVC_Plantar: the electromyography of all investigated muscles during plantarflexion (2 trials) MVC_Dorsi: the electromyography of all investigated muscles during plantarflexion (2 trials) Stance_phases: Number of frames in stance phase of all trials (sampling frequency is 250 hz). Stance_average: the average of the number of frames in stance phase (sampling frequency is 250 hz). Swing_phase: Number of frames in stance phase of all trials (sampling frequency is 250 Hz). Dorsi_time_s: the time when ankle is in dorsi flexion during stance phase (seconds). Plantar_time_s: the time when ankle is in plantarflexion during stance phase (seconds). TO_percent: the toe off in percentage of total gait cycle. TO: the separation of the toe off in frame numbers (sampling frequency is 250 Hz). HS: Heel strike of the right foot in frame numbers (sampling frequency is 250 Hz). Cycle_length: the length of total gait cycle in frame numbers (sampling frequency is 250 Hz). Shank_len_static: the length of the shank during standing. Shank_len_gait: the length of the shank during gait. Lever_arm: the ankle lever-arm. V_gm_tendon: the linear velocity of the Achilles tendon. V_gm_belly: the linear velocity of the GM muscle belly (by using the MB_length). V_gm_MTU: the linear velocity of the GM muscle-tendon unit (by using the L_GM_MTU). Rest_length: the length of the Achilles tendon at 20 degree plantarflexion. Power_GM_MTU_joint: the power of the GM muscle-tendon unit with calculation of Biarticular equation. Power_GM_belly_joint: the power of the GM muscle with calculation of Biarticular equation. Power_GM_ankle: the power of GM at the ankle joint with calculation of Biarticular equation. Power_TSM_joint: the power of the total triceps surae muscle with calculation of Biarticular equation. Power_TSM_belly_joint: the power of the total triceps surae muscle minus the power of the Achilles tendon. Work_GM_MTU: integral of the Power_GM_ankle over time. Work_GL_MTU: integral of the Power_GL_ankle over time. Work_GM_Belly: integral of the Power_GM_belly_joint over time. Work_TSM_joint: integral of the Power_TSM_joint over time. Work_TSM_Belly_joint: integral of the Power_TSM_belly_joint over time. Work_GM_Knee: integral of the Knee_Power_gm over tiem. Work_GL_Knee: integral of the Knee_power_gl over time.

Data set for the manuscript: Speed-specific optimal contractile conditions of the human soleus muscle from slow to maximum running speed

All the data are stored in a MATLAB structure format.
Slow walk = walking at 0.7 m/s Normal walk = walking at 1.4 m/s walk seven = walking at 2.5 m/s walk max = walking at 2.6 +- 0.3 m/s
all_ime_result3 = the results of the linear mixed model on all parameters.
Statistical_3 = values for all individuals.
Statistical_values_3 = Average and standard errors of all parameters.
Tables_1 = all of the tables introduced in the article. --------------------Description of the variables-------------------- General instruction: Variables that ended with “ _avg” are the average of all gait cycles. Variables that ended with “_avg_s” are the average of all gait stance phases. Variables that ended with “_trials” are the all data of all gait cycles. Sampling frequency of the motion capture is: 250 Hz Sampling frequency of the analogue channels are: 1000 Hz Name: name of the current trial. Participants: the code name of the individuals participated in the study. MTJ: the displacement of the muscle-tendon junction of the gastrocnemius medialis and the Achilles tendon. AT_elongation: the elongation of the Achilles tendon (referenced at the AT rest length in 20 degree plantarflexion) AT_length: The absolute values of the Achilles tendon length. MB_length: the length of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle belly. (the length between MTJ and knee joint center). MTU_Hawkins: the length of the muscle-tendon unit with Hawkins method (with knee and ankle angle, for more info please see D. Hawkins and M. Hull 1990). L_GM_MTU: the length of the Achilles tendon plus MB_length. L_GM_MTU_medial_knee: the length of the Achilles tendon plus MB_length (the length of Achilles tendon and medial knee reflective marker) AT_strain: The strain of the Achilles tendon. Ankle: the ankle angle. Ankle_angle_vel: the angular velocity of the ankle. Knee: the knee angle. Heel: The angle between the heel marker, ankle joint center and the knee joint center. Strain_engery: The elastic strain energy of the Achilles tendon. E_gm_ten: the elastic strain energy of the tendon of the gastrocnemius medialis. E_gm_belly: the energy of the gastrocnemius medialis (by using the MB_length) E_gm_MTU: the energy of the gastrocnemius medialis (by using the L_GM_MTU) Strain_energy_rate: the power of the tendon. Force: the force of the Achilles tendon. F_GM: the force of the gastrocnemius medialis (CSA=0.26% of total). Ankle_moment: The moment generated by whole triceps surae muscles around the ankle joint. Ankle_moemnt_norm: The moment generated by whole triceps surae muscles around the ankle joint normalized with individuals body weights. Ankle_work: the work done by whole triceps surae muscle around the ankle joint. Ankle_work_total: net work done by triceps surae muscle around the ankle joint. Ankle_power: The power generated around ankle joint by by triceps surae muscle around the ankle joint. Knee_moment_gm: the moment generated around knee joint by gastrocnemius medials. Knee_moment_gl: the moment generated around knee joint by gastrocnemius lateralis. Knee_power_gm: the power generated around knee joint by gastrocnemius medials. Knee_power_gl: the power generated around knee joint by gastrocnemius medials. EMGs: the electromyography of all investigated muscles (sol, gm, ta). EMG_Norm: normalized electromyography of all investigated muscles (sol, gm, ta) referenced with EMG during individuals maximum voluntary contraction. MVC_Plantar: the electromyography of all investigated muscles during plantarflexion (2 trials) MVC_Dorsi: the electromyography of all investigated muscles during plantarflexion (2 trials) Stance_phases: Number of frames in stance phase of all trials (sampling frequency is 250 hz). Stance_average: the average of the number of frames in stance phase (sampling frequency is 250 hz). Swing_phase: Number of frames in stance phase of all trials (sampling frequency is 250 Hz). Dorsi_time_s: the time when ankle is in dorsi flexion during stance phase (seconds). Plantar_time_s: the time when ankle is in plantarflexion during stance phase (seconds). TO_percent: the toe off in percentage of total gait cycle. TO: the separation of the toe off in frame numbers (sampling frequency is 250 Hz). HS: Heel strike of the right foot in frame numbers (sampling frequency is 250 Hz). Cycle_length: the length of total gait cycle in frame numbers (sampling frequency is 250 Hz). Shank_len_static: the length of the shank during standing. Shank_len_gait: the length of the shank during gait. Lever_arm: the ankle lever-arm. V_gm_tendon: the linear velocity of the Achilles tendon. V_gm_belly: the linear velocity of the GM muscle belly (by using the MB_length). V_gm_MTU: the linear velocity of the GM muscle-tendon unit (by using the L_GM_MTU). Rest_length: the length of the Achilles tendon at 20 degree plantarflexion. Power_GM_MTU_joint: the power of the GM muscle-tendon unit with calculation of Biarticular equation. Power_GM_belly_joint: the power of the GM muscle with calculation of Biarticular equation. Power_GM_ankle: the power of GM at the ankle joint with calculation of Biarticular equation. Power_TSM_joint: the power of the total triceps surae muscle with calculation of Biarticular equation. Power_TSM_belly_joint: the power of the total triceps surae muscle minus the power of the Achilles tendon. Work_GM_MTU: integral of the Power_GM_ankle over time. Work_GL_MTU: integral of the Power_GL_ankle over time. Work_GM_Belly: integral of the Power_GM_belly_joint over time. Work_TSM_joint: integral of the Power_TSM_joint over time. Work_TSM_Belly_joint: integral of the Power_TSM_belly_joint over time. Work_GM_Knee: integral of the Knee_Power_gm over tiem. Work_GL_Knee: integral of the Knee_power_gl over time.

All the data are stored in a MATLAB structure format.
Slow walk = walking at 0.7 m/s Normal walk = walking at 1.4 m/s walk seven = walking at 2.5 m/s walk max = walking at 2.6 +- 0.3 m/s
all_ime_result3 = the results of the linear mixed model on all parameters.
Statistical_3 = values for all individuals.
Statistical_values_3 = Average and standard errors of all parameters.
Tables_1 = all of the tables introduced in the article. --------------------Description of the variables-------------------- General instruction: Variables that ended with “ _avg” are the average of all gait cycles. Variables that ended with “_avg_s” are the average of all gait stance phases. Variables that ended with “_trials” are the all data of all gait cycles. Sampling frequency of the motion capture is: 250 Hz Sampling frequency of the analogue channels are: 1000 Hz Name: name of the current trial. Participants: the code name of the individuals participated in the study. MTJ: the displacement of the muscle-tendon junction of the gastrocnemius medialis and the Achilles tendon. AT_elongation: the elongation of the Achilles tendon (referenced at the AT rest length in 20 degree plantarflexion) AT_length: The absolute values of the Achilles tendon length. MB_length: the length of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle belly. (the length between MTJ and knee joint center). MTU_Hawkins: the length of the muscle-tendon unit with Hawkins method (with knee and ankle angle, for more info please see D. Hawkins and M. Hull 1990). L_GM_MTU: the length of the Achilles tendon plus MB_length. L_GM_MTU_medial_knee: the length of the Achilles tendon plus MB_length (the length of Achilles tendon and medial knee reflective marker) AT_strain: The strain of the Achilles tendon. Ankle: the ankle angle. Ankle_angle_vel: the angular velocity of the ankle. Knee: the knee angle. Heel: The angle between the heel marker, ankle joint center and the knee joint center. Strain_engery: The elastic strain energy of the Achilles tendon. E_gm_ten: the elastic strain energy of the tendon of the gastrocnemius medialis. E_gm_belly: the energy of the gastrocnemius medialis (by using the MB_length) E_gm_MTU: the energy of the gastrocnemius medialis (by using the L_GM_MTU) Strain_energy_rate: the power of the tendon. Force: the force of the Achilles tendon. F_GM: the force of the gastrocnemius medialis (CSA=0.26% of total). Ankle_moment: The moment generated by whole triceps surae muscles around the ankle joint. Ankle_moemnt_norm: The moment generated by whole triceps surae muscles around the ankle joint normalized with individuals body weights. Ankle_work: the work done by whole triceps surae muscle around the ankle joint. Ankle_work_total: net work done by triceps surae muscle around the ankle joint. Ankle_power: The power generated around ankle joint by by triceps surae muscle around the ankle joint. Knee_moment_gm: the moment generated around knee joint by gastrocnemius medials. Knee_moment_gl: the moment generated around knee joint by gastrocnemius lateralis. Knee_power_gm: the power generated around knee joint by gastrocnemius medials. Knee_power_gl: the power generated around knee joint by gastrocnemius medials. EMGs: the electromyography of all investigated muscles (sol, gm, ta). EMG_Norm: normalized electromyography of all investigated muscles (sol, gm, ta) referenced with EMG during individuals maximum voluntary contraction. MVC_Plantar: the electromyography of all investigated muscles during plantarflexion (2 trials) MVC_Dorsi: the electromyography of all investigated muscles during plantarflexion (2 trials) Stance_phases: Number of frames in stance phase of all trials (sampling frequency is 250 hz). Stance_average: the average of the number of frames in stance phase (sampling frequency is 250 hz). Swing_phase: Number of frames in stance phase of all trials (sampling frequency is 250 Hz). Dorsi_time_s: the time when ankle is in dorsi flexion during stance phase (seconds). Plantar_time_s: the time when ankle is in plantarflexion during stance phase (seconds). TO_percent: the toe off in percentage of total gait cycle. TO: the separation of the toe off in frame numbers (sampling frequency is 250 Hz). HS: Heel strike of the right foot in frame numbers (sampling frequency is 250 Hz). Cycle_length: the length of total gait cycle in frame numbers (sampling frequency is 250 Hz). Shank_len_static: the length of the shank during standing. Shank_len_gait: the length of the shank during gait. Lever_arm: the ankle lever-arm. V_gm_tendon: the linear velocity of the Achilles tendon. V_gm_belly: the linear velocity of the GM muscle belly (by using the MB_length). V_gm_MTU: the linear velocity of the GM muscle-tendon unit (by using the L_GM_MTU). Rest_length: the length of the Achilles tendon at 20 degree plantarflexion. Power_GM_MTU_joint: the power of the GM muscle-tendon unit with calculation of Biarticular equation. Power_GM_belly_joint: the power of the GM muscle with calculation of Biarticular equation. Power_GM_ankle: the power of GM at the ankle joint with calculation of Biarticular equation. Power_TSM_joint: the power of the total triceps surae muscle with calculation of Biarticular equation. Power_TSM_belly_joint: the power of the total triceps surae muscle minus the power of the Achilles tendon. Work_GM_MTU: integral of the Power_GM_ankle over time. Work_GL_MTU: integral of the Power_GL_ankle over time. Work_GM_Belly: integral of the Power_GM_belly_joint over time. Work_TSM_joint: integral of the Power_TSM_joint over time. Work_TSM_Belly_joint: integral of the Power_TSM_belly_joint over time. Work_GM_Knee: integral of the Knee_Power_gm over tiem. Work_GL_Knee: integral of the Knee_power_gl over time.