This record contains the data and R scripts for a systematic review and meta-analysis on the relationship between distance to natural habitat and pollination services in tropical smallholder farming landscapes. It includes the raw data and R scripts for each response variable used in the synthesis, i.e. pollinator abundance, species richness, and fruitset, alongside the overview of all variable explanations below.Variable Explanationsstudy: Unique study abbreviation/ID for each studyreport: Unique abbreviation/ID for each individual report, i.e. published or unpublished articleauthors: Author and year for each study (e.g., author et al. year)crop: Common name of the study cropp_dependency: Pollinator-dependency level of each study crop, following the information from Siopa et al. (2024)farm_size: Total size of farm in hectares (ha) or nearest classification of farm size available (e.g. 'small <2ha' or 'medium 2-15ha')habitat_description: Description of semi-natural habitat (e.g., 'forest', 'savannah', 'grassland')habitat_type: Categorised type of natural habitat based on original description (binary; either 'natural forest' or 'other)agr_intensity: Agricultural intensity (three levels: 'high' = use of pesticides, monocultures; 'low' = minimal pesticide use and no monocultures, 'both' = mixed)distance_m: Euclidean distance (in metres) to the nearest natural habitatdistance_measure: Whether distance measurement was reported in the original study ('reported') or estimated using remote sensing ('estimated')abundance_all: Observed number of pollinators visiting crop flowers for all observed insectsabundance_wild: Observed number of wild pollinators excluding managed honeybees (A. mellifera, and in some cases A. cerana)richness_all: Observed number of species for all pollinatorsrichness_wild: Observed number of species for wild pollinators excluding managed honeybees (A. mellifera, and in some cases A. cerana)fruitset: Observed proportion (0-1) of flowers that set fruittreatment: Fruit set treatment (only used data from 'open' treatments for unbagged/untreated flowers in our synthesis)pollinator: Focal pollinator taxa of the study to the most precise taxonomic level (e.g., 'Insecta', 'Hymenoptera', 'Diptera', 'bees', 'stingless bees', etc.)sites: Total number of study sites/farms in the studylocation: Name or code for each study site/farmstudy_design: Description of the study design for each dataset; either 'single distance per site', 'nested design' or 'paired sites'repeat_measures: Number of visits/replicate observations for active pollinator observations, number of pan traps for passive sampling, number of plants, branches or flowers observed for fruit setsampling_method: Method for insect observations (e.g., 'active' for focal observations/sweep netting, 'passive' for pan traps, 'combined' for both methods)sampling_time_min: Time (in minutes) over which pollinators were sampled per sampling eventtotal_sampling_time_min: Total time (in minutes) over which pollinators were sampled at each study site/data point (accummulative across total sampling effort)source: Where the data was obtained from (e.g., authors or publication directly, open access data, or from figures)R Session InfoR version 4.4.2 (2024-10-31) Platform: aarch64-apple-darwin20 Running under: macOS Sequoia 15.6.1Matrix products: default BLAS: /System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vecLib.framework/Versions/A/libBLAS.dylib LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.4-arm64/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib; LAPACK version 3.12.0locale: [1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8time zone: Europe/London tzcode source: internalattached base packages: [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods baseother attached packages: [1] glmmTMB_1.1.12 ggeffects_2.3.0 here_1.0.1 metafor_4.6-0 numDeriv_2016.8-1.1 metadat_1.2-0 lme4_1.1-35.5 Matrix_1.7-1[9] MASS_7.3-61 dplyr_1.1.4 ggplot2_3.5.1loaded via a namespace (and not attached): [1] gtable_0.3.6 TMB_1.9.16 insight_1.2.0 lattice_0.22-6 mathjaxr_1.6-0 vctrs_0.6.5 tools_4.4.2 Rdpack_2.6.2 generics_0.1.4[10] datawizard_1.0.2 sandwich_3.1-1 tibble_3.3.0 pkgconfig_2.0.3 RColorBrewer_1.1-3 lifecycle_1.0.4 compiler_4.4.2 farver_2.1.2 textshaping_1.0.0 [19] codetools_0.2-20 pillar_1.11.0 nloptr_2.1.1 crayon_1.5.3 reformulas_0.4.1 boot_1.3-31 multcomp_1.4-26 nlme_3.1-166 tidyselect_1.2.1[28] mvtnorm_1.3-2 labeling_0.4.3 forcats_1.0.0 splines_4.4.2 rprojroot_2.0.4 grid_4.4.2 cli_3.6.5 magrittr_2.0.3 survival_3.7-0[37] utf8_1.2.6 TH.data_1.1-2 withr_3.0.2 scales_1.4.0 estimability_1.5.1 emmeans_1.10.7 ragg_1.3.3 zoo_1.8-12 hms_1.1.3[46] coda_0.19-4.1 haven_2.5.5 rbibutils_2.3 mgcv_1.9-1 rlang_1.1.6 Rcpp_1.1.0 xtable_1.8-4 glue_1.8.0 rstudioapi_0.17.1 [55] minqa_1.2.8 R6_2.6.1 systemfonts_1.2.1

This record contains the data and R scripts for a systematic review and meta-analysis on the relationship between distance to natural habitat and pollination services in tropical smallholder farming landscapes. It includes the raw data and R scripts for each response variable used in the synthesis, i.e. pollinator abundance, species richness, and fruitset, alongside the overview of all variable explanations below.Variable Explanationsstudy: Unique study abbreviation/ID for each studyreport: Unique abbreviation/ID for each individual report, i.e. published or unpublished articleauthors: Author and year for each study (e.g., author et al. year)crop: Common name of the study cropp_dependency: Pollinator-dependency level of each study crop, following the information from Siopa et al. (2024)farm_size: Total size of farm in hectares (ha) or nearest classification of farm size available (e.g. 'small <2ha' or 'medium 2-15ha')habitat_description: Description of semi-natural habitat (e.g., 'forest', 'savannah', 'grassland')habitat_type: Categorised type of natural habitat based on original description (binary; either 'natural forest' or 'other)agr_intensity: Agricultural intensity (three levels: 'high' = use of pesticides, monocultures; 'low' = minimal pesticide use and no monocultures, 'both' = mixed)distance_m: Euclidean distance (in metres) to the nearest natural habitatdistance_measure: Whether distance measurement was reported in the original study ('reported') or estimated using remote sensing ('estimated')abundance_all: Observed number of pollinators visiting crop flowers for all observed insectsabundance_wild: Observed number of wild pollinators excluding managed honeybees (A. mellifera, and in some cases A. cerana)richness_all: Observed number of species for all pollinatorsrichness_wild: Observed number of species for wild pollinators excluding managed honeybees (A. mellifera, and in some cases A. cerana)fruitset: Observed proportion (0-1) of flowers that set fruittreatment: Fruit set treatment (only used data from 'open' treatments for unbagged/untreated flowers in our synthesis)pollinator: Focal pollinator taxa of the study to the most precise taxonomic level (e.g., 'Insecta', 'Hymenoptera', 'Diptera', 'bees', 'stingless bees', etc.)sites: Total number of study sites/farms in the studylocation: Name or code for each study site/farmstudy_design: Description of the study design for each dataset; either 'single distance per site', 'nested design' or 'paired sites'repeat_measures: Number of visits/replicate observations for active pollinator observations, number of pan traps for passive sampling, number of plants, branches or flowers observed for fruit setsampling_method: Method for insect observations (e.g., 'active' for focal observations/sweep netting, 'passive' for pan traps, 'combined' for both methods)sampling_time_min: Time (in minutes) over which pollinators were sampled per sampling eventtotal_sampling_time_min: Total time (in minutes) over which pollinators were sampled at each study site/data point (accummulative across total sampling effort)source: Where the data was obtained from (e.g., authors or publication directly, open access data, or from figures)R Session InfoR version 4.4.2 (2024-10-31) Platform: aarch64-apple-darwin20 Running under: macOS Sequoia 15.6.1Matrix products: default BLAS: /System/Library/Frameworks/Accelerate.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/vecLib.framework/Versions/A/libBLAS.dylib LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.4-arm64/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib; LAPACK version 3.12.0locale: [1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8time zone: Europe/London tzcode source: internalattached base packages: [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods baseother attached packages: [1] glmmTMB_1.1.12 ggeffects_2.3.0 here_1.0.1 metafor_4.6-0 numDeriv_2016.8-1.1 metadat_1.2-0 lme4_1.1-35.5 Matrix_1.7-1[9] MASS_7.3-61 dplyr_1.1.4 ggplot2_3.5.1loaded via a namespace (and not attached): [1] gtable_0.3.6 TMB_1.9.16 insight_1.2.0 lattice_0.22-6 mathjaxr_1.6-0 vctrs_0.6.5 tools_4.4.2 Rdpack_2.6.2 generics_0.1.4[10] datawizard_1.0.2 sandwich_3.1-1 tibble_3.3.0 pkgconfig_2.0.3 RColorBrewer_1.1-3 lifecycle_1.0.4 compiler_4.4.2 farver_2.1.2 textshaping_1.0.0 [19] codetools_0.2-20 pillar_1.11.0 nloptr_2.1.1 crayon_1.5.3 reformulas_0.4.1 boot_1.3-31 multcomp_1.4-26 nlme_3.1-166 tidyselect_1.2.1[28] mvtnorm_1.3-2 labeling_0.4.3 forcats_1.0.0 splines_4.4.2 rprojroot_2.0.4 grid_4.4.2 cli_3.6.5 magrittr_2.0.3 survival_3.7-0[37] utf8_1.2.6 TH.data_1.1-2 withr_3.0.2 scales_1.4.0 estimability_1.5.1 emmeans_1.10.7 ragg_1.3.3 zoo_1.8-12 hms_1.1.3[46] coda_0.19-4.1 haven_2.5.5 rbibutils_2.3 mgcv_1.9-1 rlang_1.1.6 Rcpp_1.1.0 xtable_1.8-4 glue_1.8.0 rstudioapi_0.17.1 [55] minqa_1.2.8 R6_2.6.1 systemfonts_1.2.1

These data are study locations underlying Bishop et al. 2025 Science "Critical habitat thresholds for effective pollinator conservation in agricultural landscapes." They may be requested for research purposes via the "request access" form below (must be logged in to access).

These data are study locations underlying Bishop et al. 2025 Science "Critical habitat thresholds for effective pollinator conservation in agricultural landscapes." They may be requested for research purposes via the "request access" form below (must be logged in to access).

These data are study locations underlying Bishop et al. 2025 "Critical habitat thresholds for effective pollinator conservation in agricultural landscapes." They may be requested for research purposes via the "request access" form below (must be logged in to access).

Data and R code for 'Landscape-level synergistic and antagonistic effects among conservation measures drive wild bee densities and species richness'.Information about the files can be found in the README file.

Data and R code for 'Landscape-level synergistic and antagonistic effects among conservation measures drive wild bee densities and species richness'.Information about the files can be found in the README file.

R script for calculating the estimated species richness and creating a species rarefaction curve. Execute the script with the data object species_rarefaction_curve.txt. Further comments can be found in the script.

This dataset will include specis lists, data tables and R scripts used for the statistical analysis of the article: Kirsch, F., Haß, A. L., Alfert, A. and Westphal, C. (2024): “Landscape diversity, habitat connectivity, age and size determine the conservation value of limestone quarries for diverse wild bee communities” (Journal of Applied Ecology).

List of plant and wild bee species recorded during the survey.