Data and R code of the article: Tariel J., Plénet S., and Luquet É. (2020) How do developmental and parental exposures to predation affect personality and immediate behavioural plasticity in the snail Physa acuta? doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.1761 The dataset is provided (data -Tariel, Plénet and Luquet (2020).csv). This dataset is analyzed in the R script (Juliette Tariel - R analysis.Rmd). A knitted version of the R script is also provided in pdf format (Juliette Tariel - R analysis.pdf). Finally, a zip file is provided and contains several outputs, such as MCMCglmm objects or confint objects (R outputs used in the analysis.zip) Signification of variables names: ID: snail's identification number ID Family: identification number of the family of the F2 snail ID F1 mother: identification number of the mother of the F2 snail ID F1 father: identification number of the father of the F2 snail ID F0 grand-mother: identification number of the grand-mother of the F2 snail ID F0 grand-father: identification number of the grand-fathrt of the F2 snail Mass: total wet mass (body and shell) in grams Parental: parental environment (control C or predator-cue P) Developmental: developmental environment (C or P) Immediate: immediate environment (C or P) Trial_number Time: time to crawl-out of the water in seconds

Data and R code of the article: Tariel J., Plénet S., and Luquet É. (2020) How do developmental and parental exposures to predation affect personality and immediate behavioural plasticity in the snail Physa acuta? doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.1761 The dataset is provided (data -Tariel, Plénet and Luquet (2020).csv). This dataset is analyzed in the R script (Juliette Tariel - R analysis.Rmd). A knitted version of the R script is also provided in pdf format (Juliette Tariel - R analysis.pdf). Finally, a zip file is provided and contains several outputs, such as MCMCglmm objects or confint objects (R outputs used in the analysis.zip) Signification of variables names: ID: snail's identification number ID Family: identification number of the family of the F2 snail ID F1 mother: identification number of the mother of the F2 snail ID F1 father: identification number of the father of the F2 snail ID F0 grand-mother: identification number of the grand-mother of the F2 snail ID F0 grand-father: identification number of the grand-fathrt of the F2 snail Mass: total wet mass (body and shell) in grams Parental: parental environment (control C or predator-cue P) Developmental: developmental environment (C or P) Immediate: immediate environment (C or P) Trial_number Time: time to crawl-out of the water in seconds

Variation in the environment can induce different patterns of genetic and phenotypic differentiation among populations. Both neutral processes and selection can influence phenotypic differentiation. Altitudinal phenotypic variation is of particular interest in disentangling the interplay between neutral processes and selection in the dynamics of local adaptation processes but remains little explored. We conducted a common garden experiment to study the phenotypic divergence in larval life-history traits among nine populations of the common toad (Bufo bufo) along an altitudinal gradient in France. We further used correlation among population pairwise estimates of quantitative trait (QST) and neutral genetic divergence (FST from neutral microsatellite markers), as well as altitudinal difference, to estimate the relative role of divergent selection and neutral genetic processes in phenotypic divergence. We provided evidence for a neutral genetic differentiation resulting from both isolation by distance and difference in altitude. We found evidence for phenotypic divergence along the altitudinal gradient (faster development, lower growth rate and smaller metamorphic size). The correlation between pairwise QSTs–FSTs and altitude differences suggested that this phenotypic differentiation was most likely driven by altitude-mediated selection rather than by neutral genetic processes. Moreover, we found different divergence patterns for larval traits, suggesting that different selective agents may act on these traits and/or selection on one trait may constrain the evolution on another through genetic correlation. Our study highlighted the need to design more integrative studies on the common toad to unravel the underlying processes of phenotypic divergence and its selective agents in the context of environmental clines.

Populations that have suffered from genetic erosion are expected to exhibit reduced average trait values or decreased variation in adaptive traits when experiencing periodic or emergent stressors such as infectious disease. Genetic erosion may consequentially modify the ability of a potential host population to cope with infectious disease emergence. We experimentally investigate this relationship between genetic variability and host response to exposure to an infectious agent both in terms of susceptibility to infection and indirect parasite-mediated responses that also impact fitness. We hypothesized that the deleterious consequences of exposure to the pathogen (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) would be more severe for tadpoles descended from European tree frog (Hyla arborea) populations lacking genetic variability. Although all exposed tadpoles lacked detectable infection, we detected this relationship for some indirect host responses, predominantly in genetically depleted animals, as well as an interaction between genetic variability and pathogen dose on lifespan during the post-metamorphic period. Lack of infection and a decreased mass and post-metamorphic lifespan in low genetic diversity tadpoles lead us to conclude that genetic erosion, while not affecting the ability to mount effective resistance strategies, also erodes the capacity to invest in resistance, increased tadpole growth rate and metamorphosis relatively simultaneously.