ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Tumors of the lip and oral cavity differ in various aspects; therefore a clarification of the distinctions among these sites may help to better understand the biologic behavior of neoplasms occurring in these locations. OBJECTIVE: Considering that angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are two major elements that can influence various aspects of tumor biology, we aimed to compare these factors between squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip and oral cavity. METHODS: A total of 84 primary squamous cell carcinomas including 45 oral and 39 lower lip tumors were selected and immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibody against D2-40 and CD105. Mean microvessel density was assessed in tumoral tissue, while lymphatic vessel density was calculated in both neoplastic tissue and invasion front. Data were statistically analyzed using t-test and p-values of <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: We found a mean microvessel density ± standard deviation of 31.94 ± 18.9 in oral cavity and 27.54 ± 20.8 in lower lip squamous cell carcinomas, with no significant difference (p = 0.32). Mean lymphatic vessel density ± standard deviation was 13.05 ± 8.2 and 16.57 ± 10.79 in of oral cavity and lower lip neoplastic tissue, respectively. The corresponding values were 9.94 ± 5.59 and 12.50 ± 7.8 in the invasive front. Significant differences were not observed in either of the lymphatic vessel density variables between the two sites. CONCLUSION: According to our results, it seems that the search for additional factors other than those related to the vasculature should continue, to help clarify the differences in biologic behavior between lower lip and oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Tumors of the lip and oral cavity differ in various aspects; therefore a clarification of the distinctions among these sites may help to better understand the biologic behavior of neoplasms occurring in these locations. OBJECTIVE: Considering that angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are two major elements that can influence various aspects of tumor biology, we aimed to compare these factors between squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip and oral cavity. METHODS: A total of 84 primary squamous cell carcinomas including 45 oral and 39 lower lip tumors were selected and immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibody against D2-40 and CD105. Mean microvessel density was assessed in tumoral tissue, while lymphatic vessel density was calculated in both neoplastic tissue and invasion front. Data were statistically analyzed using t-test and p-values of <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: We found a mean microvessel density ± standard deviation of 31.94 ± 18.9 in oral cavity and 27.54 ± 20.8 in lower lip squamous cell carcinomas, with no significant difference (p = 0.32). Mean lymphatic vessel density ± standard deviation was 13.05 ± 8.2 and 16.57 ± 10.79 in of oral cavity and lower lip neoplastic tissue, respectively. The corresponding values were 9.94 ± 5.59 and 12.50 ± 7.8 in the invasive front. Significant differences were not observed in either of the lymphatic vessel density variables between the two sites. CONCLUSION: According to our results, it seems that the search for additional factors other than those related to the vasculature should continue, to help clarify the differences in biologic behavior between lower lip and oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas.

Resumo Introdução: Tumores de glândulas salivares são um grupo diversificado de lesões, com várias origens e comportamentos extremamente diferentes, resultam em distintos desfechos para os pacientes. Portanto, a necessidade de descobrir novos marcadores com a capacidade de predizer o comportamento de neoplasias de glândulas salivares benignas e malignas é crucial. O syndecan-1 é uma proteína da superfície celular com papéis significativos em vários aspectos da função tumoral. Sua expressão nas neoplasias das glândulas salivares, especialmente seu componente estromal, ainda não foi investigada. Objetivos: Avaliar a imunopositividade do syndecan-1 nos componentes epiteliais e estromais das neoplasias de glândulas salivares e compará-la entre os subtipos benigno e maligno, além de avaliar sua correlação com os parâmetros clínico-patológicos. Método: Foram corados 133 tumores de glândulas salivares imuno-histoquimicamente com syndecan-1 e a intensidade e porcentagem dessa proteína foram determinadas, comparadas entre as lesões e correlacionadas com fatores clínico-patológicos. Resultados: A análise estatística das lesões com tamanho amostral suficiente mostrou diferenças significantes em porcentagem e intensidade entre os componentes epiteliais e estromais de todos os tumores (p < 0,05). As comparações pareadas demonstraram uma porcentagem de coloração significantemente maior das células epiteliais (p = 0,02) no tumor de Warthin em comparação com o adenoma pleomórfico e o carcinoma adenoide cístico. Da mesma forma, foram observadas intensidades de coloração e/ou percentagens significantemente maiores no carcinoma mucoepidermoide e no carcinoma adenoide cístico em comparação ao adenoma pleomórfico e ao tumor de Warthin (p < 0,05). Dos fatores clinico-patológicos, houve apenas uma correlação negativa significante entre o percentual estromal de carcinoma mucoepidermoide e a idade; e uma diferença significante entre a intensidade estromal + porcentagem de carcinoma adenoide cístico e sexo (p < 0,05). Conclusões: De acordo com nossos achados, o syndecan-1 estromal se correlaciona com o comportamento maligno de tumores de glândulas salivares, demonstra uma expressão mais alta, indica um papel para o syndecan-1 na invasão e metástase tumoral.

Resumo Introdução: Tumores de glândulas salivares são um grupo diversificado de lesões, com várias origens e comportamentos extremamente diferentes, resultam em distintos desfechos para os pacientes. Portanto, a necessidade de descobrir novos marcadores com a capacidade de predizer o comportamento de neoplasias de glândulas salivares benignas e malignas é crucial. O syndecan-1 é uma proteína da superfície celular com papéis significativos em vários aspectos da função tumoral. Sua expressão nas neoplasias das glândulas salivares, especialmente seu componente estromal, ainda não foi investigada. Objetivos: Avaliar a imunopositividade do syndecan-1 nos componentes epiteliais e estromais das neoplasias de glândulas salivares e compará-la entre os subtipos benigno e maligno, além de avaliar sua correlação com os parâmetros clínico-patológicos. Método: Foram corados 133 tumores de glândulas salivares imuno-histoquimicamente com syndecan-1 e a intensidade e porcentagem dessa proteína foram determinadas, comparadas entre as lesões e correlacionadas com fatores clínico-patológicos. Resultados: A análise estatística das lesões com tamanho amostral suficiente mostrou diferenças significantes em porcentagem e intensidade entre os componentes epiteliais e estromais de todos os tumores (p < 0,05). As comparações pareadas demonstraram uma porcentagem de coloração significantemente maior das células epiteliais (p = 0,02) no tumor de Warthin em comparação com o adenoma pleomórfico e o carcinoma adenoide cístico. Da mesma forma, foram observadas intensidades de coloração e/ou percentagens significantemente maiores no carcinoma mucoepidermoide e no carcinoma adenoide cístico em comparação ao adenoma pleomórfico e ao tumor de Warthin (p < 0,05). Dos fatores clinico-patológicos, houve apenas uma correlação negativa significante entre o percentual estromal de carcinoma mucoepidermoide e a idade; e uma diferença significante entre a intensidade estromal + porcentagem de carcinoma adenoide cístico e sexo (p < 0,05). Conclusões: De acordo com nossos achados, o syndecan-1 estromal se correlaciona com o comportamento maligno de tumores de glândulas salivares, demonstra uma expressão mais alta, indica um papel para o syndecan-1 na invasão e metástase tumoral.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are responsible for regulating bone homeostasis during which the trace element zinc has been shown to exert a cumulative effect on bone mass by stimulating osteoblastic bone formation and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of zinc (Zn) on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in a rat model. Material and Methods: A total of 44 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 11 animals each and received 0, 1.5, 20 and 50 ppm Zn in distilled water for 60 days. In the last 21 days of the study, nickel-titanium closed coil springs were ligated between maxillary right incisors and first molars of all rats, and tooth movement was measured at the end of this period. Histological analysis of hematoxylin/eosin slides was performed to assess root resorption lacunae, osteoclast number and periodontal ligament (PDL) width. Results: Mean OTM was calculated as 51.8, 49.1, 35.5 and 45 µm in the 0, 1.5, 20 and 50 ppm zinc-receiving groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in neither OTM nor histological parameters among the study groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results obtained in the current investigation, increase in supplementary zinc up to 50 ppm does not affect the rate of OTM neither bone and root resorption in rats.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are responsible for regulating bone homeostasis during which the trace element zinc has been shown to exert a cumulative effect on bone mass by stimulating osteoblastic bone formation and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of zinc (Zn) on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in a rat model. Material and Methods: A total of 44 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 11 animals each and received 0, 1.5, 20 and 50 ppm Zn in distilled water for 60 days. In the last 21 days of the study, nickel-titanium closed coil springs were ligated between maxillary right incisors and first molars of all rats, and tooth movement was measured at the end of this period. Histological analysis of hematoxylin/eosin slides was performed to assess root resorption lacunae, osteoclast number and periodontal ligament (PDL) width. Results: Mean OTM was calculated as 51.8, 49.1, 35.5 and 45 µm in the 0, 1.5, 20 and 50 ppm zinc-receiving groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in neither OTM nor histological parameters among the study groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results obtained in the current investigation, increase in supplementary zinc up to 50 ppm does not affect the rate of OTM neither bone and root resorption in rats.

Abstract Introduction: Proliferation markers play a significant role in the biologic behavior of tumors. Geminin is a known inhibitor of the cell cycle and DNA replication and has not been previously reported in cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Objectives: We aimed to investigate proliferation markers ki67, MCM2, and geminin in head and neck cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomas. Methods: Forty cases of each tumor were immuostained with ki67, MCM2, and geminin followed by assessment of labeling indices (LIs). MCM2/ki67- and geminin/ki67-ratios were also determined; t-test was used for statistical analysis (p<0.05). Results: There was no significant difference in ki67 (p = 0.06) and MCM2 (p = 0.46) between cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomas; however, geminin LI was significantly higher in squamous cell carcinomas compared to cutaneous basal cell carcinomas (p < 0.001). Only geminin/ki67 showed a significant difference between the two tumors with the ratio showing significantly higher numbers in squamous cell carcinomas (p = 0.015). Conclusions: Geminin could be regarded as an effective factor in the pathogenesis of head and neck cutaneous cutaneous basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas and may be one of the responsible elements in the difference between the biologic behavior of these tumors. © 2020 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Abstract Introduction: Proliferation markers play a significant role in the biologic behavior of tumors. Geminin is a known inhibitor of the cell cycle and DNA replication and has not been previously reported in cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Objectives: We aimed to investigate proliferation markers ki67, MCM2, and geminin in head and neck cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomas. Methods: Forty cases of each tumor were immuostained with ki67, MCM2, and geminin followed by assessment of labeling indices (LIs). MCM2/ki67- and geminin/ki67-ratios were also determined; t-test was used for statistical analysis (p<0.05). Results: There was no significant difference in ki67 (p = 0.06) and MCM2 (p = 0.46) between cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomas; however, geminin LI was significantly higher in squamous cell carcinomas compared to cutaneous basal cell carcinomas (p < 0.001). Only geminin/ki67 showed a significant difference between the two tumors with the ratio showing significantly higher numbers in squamous cell carcinomas (p = 0.015). Conclusions: Geminin could be regarded as an effective factor in the pathogenesis of head and neck cutaneous cutaneous basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas and may be one of the responsible elements in the difference between the biologic behavior of these tumors. © 2020 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).