This collection contains R code for Statistical Analysis and plots related to our article "Is taurine an aging biomarker?" [ M. E. Fernandez et al., Science 388, eadl2116 (2025). DOI: 10.1126/science.adl2116 ]“Analysis” folderThis folder contains R code for all statistical analysis associated to our article "Is taurine an aging biomarker?"“Main Manuscript Plots” folderThis folder contains the plots provided in the figures of the main manuscript, together with equivalent plots (same data and results) that present different y-axis limits, allowing to better assess variability within each cohort. This is indicated in the name of the plot. E.g., the string “y0-75” in the name “1Ba_Balearic-F(5x11,2.5pt,y0-75)” indicates that the limits of the y-axis were set between 0-75, which corresponds to the range of taurine values in this cohort (in contrast to the main manuscript figure, which presents the y-axis limits between 0-336 for ease of comparison across cohorts). Similarly, the characters in the string “1Ba_” indicate that this plot is equivalent to the plot in Figure 1, panel B, left side, respectively. The full name of the cohort is indicated in the name of the plot. Plots for females and males are indicated with “F” and “M”, respectively.“Supplementary Material Plots” folderThis folder contains the plots provided in the figures of the supplementary material, together with equivalent plots (same data, same results) that present different y-axis limits that allow to better assess variability within each cohort. This is indicated in the name of the plot. E.g., the string “y0-75” in the name “S1Ba_Balearic-F(5x11,2.5pt,y0-75)” indicates that the limits of the y-axis were set between 0-75, , which corresponds to the range of taurine values in this cohort (in contrast to the main manuscript figure, which presents the y-axis limits between 0-336 for ease of comparison across cohorts). Similarly, the characters in the string “1Ba_” indicate that this plot is equivalent to the plot in Figure 1, panel B, left side, respectively. The full name of the cohort is indicated in the name of the plot. Plots for females and males are indicated with “F” and “M”, respectively.“Complementary Plots” folderThis folder contains plots to visualize the results presented in supplementary tables S40-S45 of our article (for details see scripts "Analysis1_BLSA-females-adjDiet.R", "Analysis1_BLSA-males-adjDiet.R", “Analysis1_BLSA-females-excluding-outliers.R”, “Analysis1_BLSA-males-excluding-outliers.R”, “Analysis1_BLSA-females-onlyActive.R”, “Analysis1_BLSA-males-onlyActive.R”, in the folder “Analysis”). None of these plots are provided in the figures of the main manuscript or the supplementary material. The names of the plots follow the same rules described above.

This collection contains R code for Statistical Analysis and plots related to our article "Is taurine an aging biomarker?" [ M. E. Fernandez et al., Science 388, eadl2116 (2025). DOI: 10.1126/science.adl2116 ]“Analysis” folderThis folder contains R code for all statistical analysis associated to our article "Is taurine an aging biomarker?"“Main Manuscript Plots” folderThis folder contains the plots provided in the figures of the main manuscript, together with equivalent plots (same data and results) that present different y-axis limits, allowing to better assess variability within each cohort. This is indicated in the name of the plot. E.g., the string “y0-75” in the name “1Ba_Balearic-F(5x11,2.5pt,y0-75)” indicates that the limits of the y-axis were set between 0-75, which corresponds to the range of taurine values in this cohort (in contrast to the main manuscript figure, which presents the y-axis limits between 0-336 for ease of comparison across cohorts). Similarly, the characters in the string “1Ba_” indicate that this plot is equivalent to the plot in Figure 1, panel B, left side, respectively. The full name of the cohort is indicated in the name of the plot. Plots for females and males are indicated with “F” and “M”, respectively.“Supplementary Material Plots” folderThis folder contains the plots provided in the figures of the supplementary material, together with equivalent plots (same data, same results) that present different y-axis limits that allow to better assess variability within each cohort. This is indicated in the name of the plot. E.g., the string “y0-75” in the name “S1Ba_Balearic-F(5x11,2.5pt,y0-75)” indicates that the limits of the y-axis were set between 0-75, , which corresponds to the range of taurine values in this cohort (in contrast to the main manuscript figure, which presents the y-axis limits between 0-336 for ease of comparison across cohorts). Similarly, the characters in the string “1Ba_” indicate that this plot is equivalent to the plot in Figure 1, panel B, left side, respectively. The full name of the cohort is indicated in the name of the plot. Plots for females and males are indicated with “F” and “M”, respectively.“Complementary Plots” folderThis folder contains plots to visualize the results presented in supplementary tables S40-S45 of our article (for details see scripts "Analysis1_BLSA-females-adjDiet.R", "Analysis1_BLSA-males-adjDiet.R", “Analysis1_BLSA-females-excluding-outliers.R”, “Analysis1_BLSA-males-excluding-outliers.R”, “Analysis1_BLSA-females-onlyActive.R”, “Analysis1_BLSA-males-onlyActive.R”, in the folder “Analysis”). None of these plots are provided in the figures of the main manuscript or the supplementary material. The names of the plots follow the same rules described above.

Mitochondrial biogenesis and destruction in skeletal muscle are coordinated by distinct signaling pathways that are influenced by internal and exogenous variables including, but not limited to, muscle phenotype, physical activity, dietary composition, or drug administration. Previously we found that long-term resveratrol administration (up to 480 mg/day) ameliorates the slow-to-fast phenotypic shift in soleus muscles and promotes the expression in slow myosin heavy chain in the mixed plantaris muscle of non-human primates consuming a high fat/sugar (HFS) diet. Here, we expand on these earlier findings by examining whether mitochondrial content and the markers that dictate their biogenesis and mitophagy/autophagy are similarly affected by HFS and/or influenced by resveratrol while consuming this diet (HFSR). Compared to controls (n = 9), there was a ∼20–25% decrease in mitochondrial content in HFS (n = 8) muscles as reflected in the COX2- and CYTB-to-GAPDH ratios using PCR analysis, which was blunted by resveratrol in HFSR (n = 7) soleus and, to a lesser degree, in plantaris muscles. A ∼1.5 and 3-fold increase in Rev-erb-α protein was detected in HFSR soleus and plantaris muscles compared to controls, respectively. Unlike in HFSR animals, HFS soleus and plantaris muscles exhibited a ∼2-fold elevation in phosphor-AMPKα (Thr172). HFS soleus muscles had elevated phosphorylated-to-total TANK binding protein-1 (TBK1) ratio suggesting an enhancement in mito/autophagic events. Taken together, resveratrol appears to blunt mitochondrial losses with a high fat/sugar diet by tempering mito/autophagy rather than promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, suggesting that the quantity of daily resveratrol supplement ingested and/or its long-term consumption are important considerations. Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/ .

Mitochondrial biogenesis and destruction in skeletal muscle are coordinated by distinct signaling pathways that are influenced by internal and exogenous variables including, but not limited to, muscle phenotype, physical activity, dietary composition, or drug administration. Previously we found that long-term resveratrol administration (up to 480 mg/day) ameliorates the slow-to-fast phenotypic shift in soleus muscles and promotes the expression in slow myosin heavy chain in the mixed plantaris muscle of non-human primates consuming a high fat/sugar (HFS) diet. Here, we expand on these earlier findings by examining whether mitochondrial content and the markers that dictate their biogenesis and mitophagy/autophagy are similarly affected by HFS and/or influenced by resveratrol while consuming this diet (HFSR). Compared to controls (n = 9), there was a ∼20–25% decrease in mitochondrial content in HFS (n = 8) muscles as reflected in the COX2- and CYTB-to-GAPDH ratios using PCR analysis, which was blunted by resveratrol in HFSR (n = 7) soleus and, to a lesser degree, in plantaris muscles. A ∼1.5 and 3-fold increase in Rev-erb-α protein was detected in HFSR soleus and plantaris muscles compared to controls, respectively. Unlike in HFSR animals, HFS soleus and plantaris muscles exhibited a ∼2-fold elevation in phosphor-AMPKα (Thr172). HFS soleus muscles had elevated phosphorylated-to-total TANK binding protein-1 (TBK1) ratio suggesting an enhancement in mito/autophagic events. Taken together, resveratrol appears to blunt mitochondrial losses with a high fat/sugar diet by tempering mito/autophagy rather than promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, suggesting that the quantity of daily resveratrol supplement ingested and/or its long-term consumption are important considerations. Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/ .