This is the 10 July 2024 release of Founding Patents (see foundingpatents.com).  The data adds a founding year for a large fraction of US-based corporate assignees using information from OpenCorporates.  There are three files:ocpb_assigneeatfiling.csvThis is the primary data that contains the founding year and venture capital indicator.  Note that the venture capital indicator is time-invariant. The variables are defined here and in Table 1 of the accompanying paper:VariableTypeDescriptionpatent_idIntThe year the assignee was founded according to our search for the patenting firm in OpenCorporates as described in Appendix Section A of the paper.founding_yearintThe year the assignee was founded according to our search for the patenting firm in OpenCorporates as described in Appendix Section A of the paper.founding_scoreintThe confidence in assignee/OpenCorporates match (out of 10, see Appendix Section A in the paper).vc_backed_assigneeflag (boolean)A 0-1 variable that is equal to one if the company was ever VCbacked using our merge of Pitchbook to the assignee data as described in Appendix Section B of the paper.vc_scoreintConfidence in the assignee/PitchBook match (out of 10, see Section B.)initassignee_idstringan ID created by us to cover original as well as reassigned assignees. see initassignee_dxwalk20220630pv for the assignee ID from the PatentsView 30 June 2022 release, where it was possible to find a match.initassignee_organizationstringAssignee name, either from the 6/30/2022 release of PatentsView or from the Patent Assignment databasesame_as_20220630pvflag (boolean)indicates whether the assignee name is the same as in the 6/30/2022 edition of PatentsView (0) or whether it was replaced via the Patent Assignment file (1).assignee_organization_20220630pvstringAssignee name from the 6/30/2022 release of PatentsView. For assignees replaced via the Patent Assignment file, this will not match initassignee organization.assignee_id_20220630pvflag (boolean)Assignee ID from the 6/30/2022 release of PatentsView. PatentsView changes the assignee IDs with each release.initassignee_idxwalk20220630pvstringAssignee name from the 6/30/2022 release of PatentsViewfoundinocflag (boolean)was the initiassignee organization found in OpenCorporates?company_numberintCompany identifier from OpenCorporates (if found).gvkeystringlinkage to Compustat, from DISCERN Arora, Belenzon, and Sheer (2021)cusipstringlinkage to Compustat, from DISCERN Arora, Belenzon, and Sheer (2021)first_year_publicly_listedintThe year an assignee that was ever publicly-traded appeared on a U.S. exchange. Data was sourced from (Ritter, 2023), supplemented by manual searches.uo_discernflag (boolean)One if the firm was ever publicly-traded on a U.S. exchange, and the patent is assigned to that company (Arora, Belenzon, and Sheer, 2021).sub_discernflag (boolean)A 0-1 variable for whether the assignee was acquired by a publiclytraded firm on a U.S. exchange.univ_hospital_govflag (boolean)A 0-1 variable for whether the assignee is a university, a hospital, or a government entity (independent of PatentsView having classified it as a firm)is_us_assigneeflag (boolean)A 0-1 variable for whether the assignee is based in the U.S. (independent of PatentsView having classified it as such)initiassignee_crosswalk202206030pv.csvThis file provides PatentsView Assignee IDs (as of the March 30, 2022 release) for as many of the original/initial assignees as we could find. Original/initial assignees are from the USPTO Patent Assignment database, which does not contain Assignee IDs. We used the 2022 March 30 release of PatentsView to generate this database.assignee_crosswalk_20220630pv20240331pv.csvPatentsView occasionally changes the Assignee IDs.  This file provides a crosswalk between the version we used to build the data -- June 30, 2022 -- and  the March 31, 2024.

This is the 10 July 2024 release of Founding Patents (see foundingpatents.com).  The data adds a founding year for a large fraction of US-based corporate assignees using information from OpenCorporates.  There are three files:ocpb_assigneeatfiling.csvThis is the primary data that contains the founding year and venture capital indicator.  Note that the venture capital indicator is time-invariant. The variables are defined here and in Table 1 of the accompanying paper:VariableTypeDescriptionpatent_idIntThe year the assignee was founded according to our search for the patenting firm in OpenCorporates as described in Appendix Section A of the paper.founding_yearintThe year the assignee was founded according to our search for the patenting firm in OpenCorporates as described in Appendix Section A of the paper.founding_scoreintThe confidence in assignee/OpenCorporates match (out of 10, see Appendix Section A in the paper).vc_backed_assigneeflag (boolean)A 0-1 variable that is equal to one if the company was ever VCbacked using our merge of Pitchbook to the assignee data as described in Appendix Section B of the paper.vc_scoreintConfidence in the assignee/PitchBook match (out of 10, see Section B.)initassignee_idstringan ID created by us to cover original as well as reassigned assignees. see initassignee_dxwalk20220630pv for the assignee ID from the PatentsView 30 June 2022 release, where it was possible to find a match.initassignee_organizationstringAssignee name, either from the 6/30/2022 release of PatentsView or from the Patent Assignment databasesame_as_20220630pvflag (boolean)indicates whether the assignee name is the same as in the 6/30/2022 edition of PatentsView (0) or whether it was replaced via the Patent Assignment file (1).assignee_organization_20220630pvstringAssignee name from the 6/30/2022 release of PatentsView. For assignees replaced via the Patent Assignment file, this will not match initassignee organization.assignee_id_20220630pvflag (boolean)Assignee ID from the 6/30/2022 release of PatentsView. PatentsView changes the assignee IDs with each release.initassignee_idxwalk20220630pvstringAssignee name from the 6/30/2022 release of PatentsViewfoundinocflag (boolean)was the initiassignee organization found in OpenCorporates?company_numberintCompany identifier from OpenCorporates (if found).gvkeystringlinkage to Compustat, from DISCERN Arora, Belenzon, and Sheer (2021)cusipstringlinkage to Compustat, from DISCERN Arora, Belenzon, and Sheer (2021)first_year_publicly_listedintThe year an assignee that was ever publicly-traded appeared on a U.S. exchange. Data was sourced from (Ritter, 2023), supplemented by manual searches.uo_discernflag (boolean)One if the firm was ever publicly-traded on a U.S. exchange, and the patent is assigned to that company (Arora, Belenzon, and Sheer, 2021).sub_discernflag (boolean)A 0-1 variable for whether the assignee was acquired by a publiclytraded firm on a U.S. exchange.univ_hospital_govflag (boolean)A 0-1 variable for whether the assignee is a university, a hospital, or a government entity (independent of PatentsView having classified it as a firm)is_us_assigneeflag (boolean)A 0-1 variable for whether the assignee is based in the U.S. (independent of PatentsView having classified it as such)initiassignee_crosswalk202206030pv.csvThis file provides PatentsView Assignee IDs (as of the March 30, 2022 release) for as many of the original/initial assignees as we could find. Original/initial assignees are from the USPTO Patent Assignment database, which does not contain Assignee IDs. We used the 2022 March 30 release of PatentsView to generate this database.assignee_crosswalk_20220630pv20240331pv.csvPatentsView occasionally changes the Assignee IDs.  This file provides a crosswalk between the version we used to build the data -- June 30, 2022 -- and  the March 31, 2024.

In order to provide a public database that identifies individuals that both publish science and patent inventions, we linked a database of disambiguated scientists (OpenAlex, hereafter "OA") and disambiguated inventors (PatentsView, hereafter "PV"). We refer to these individuals as "Pasteur Quadrant Researchers" or PQRs. While the OA database covers most of the science papers published worldwide since 1800, the PV database relies upon the United States Patent and Trademark Office database, which only covers inventions registered in the United States (though half are from outside the U.S., thus providing some international coverage of the typically more important inventions) since 1976. We rely upon the underlying disambiguations of OA scientists and PV inventors and while we note some of the errors in these underlying databases in passing, we do not attempt to correct these errors.

In order to provide a public database that identifies individuals that both publish science and patent inventions, we linked a database of disambiguated scientists (OpenAlex, hereafter "OA") and disambiguated inventors (PatentsView, hereafter "PV"). We refer to these individuals as "Pasteur Quadrant Researchers" or PQRs. While the OA database covers most of the science papers published worldwide since 1800, the PV database relies upon the United States Patent and Trademark Office database, which only covers inventions registered in the United States (though half are from outside the U.S., thus providing some international coverage of the typically more important inventions) since 1976. We rely upon the underlying disambiguations of OA scientists and PV inventors and while we note some of the errors in these underlying databases in passing, we do not attempt to correct these errors.