Introduction: Memory impairment in Parkinson’s disease is characterized mainly by impaired recall with preserved recognition. Despite its clinical importance, there are only a limited number of simple bedside memory tests that can assess both recall and recognition memory together, and that can also be used to detect the neuroanatomical changes in Parkinson’s disease. To address this issue, we examined whether a simple memory test that can evaluate both recall and recognition memory can detect cortical abnormalities related to memory impairment in Parkinson’s disease.Methods: We designed a composite recall and recognition memory score using the Mini-Mental Statement Examination to reflect recall and recognition memory. We assessed memory impairment in 210 patients with Parkinson’s disease using this test and investigated the neuroanatomical correlations with the test results.Results: This simple memory test showed that recognition memory was generally preserved in Parkinson’s disease, and furthermore, the test results were significantly correlated with atrophy of the limbic and frontal cortices.Conclusions: Adding recognition evaluation to a simple memory test can detect abnormalities in memory-related brain regions in Parkinson’s disease.

Introduction: Memory impairment in Parkinson’s disease is characterized mainly by impaired recall with preserved recognition. Despite its clinical importance, there are only a limited number of simple bedside memory tests that can assess both recall and recognition memory together, and that can also be used to detect the neuroanatomical changes in Parkinson’s disease. To address this issue, we examined whether a simple memory test that can evaluate both recall and recognition memory can detect cortical abnormalities related to memory impairment in Parkinson’s disease.Methods: We designed a composite recall and recognition memory score using the Mini-Mental Statement Examination to reflect recall and recognition memory. We assessed memory impairment in 210 patients with Parkinson’s disease using this test and investigated the neuroanatomical correlations with the test results.Results: This simple memory test showed that recognition memory was generally preserved in Parkinson’s disease, and furthermore, the test results were significantly correlated with atrophy of the limbic and frontal cortices.Conclusions: Adding recognition evaluation to a simple memory test can detect abnormalities in memory-related brain regions in Parkinson’s disease.

Although the advent of molecular-targeted drugs has improved the prognosis of various cancers, the long-term prognosis and side effects as first-line therapy for metastatic choroidal tumors remain unclear. We describe a case in which first-line therapy of osimertinib has shown long-term successful and minimum side effect responses for metastatic choroidal tumors in a patient with advanced-stage lung cancer. The patient was a 62-year-old man who complained of foggy vision and visual field defects in his left eye for one month. When he visited his local doctor, a serous retinal detachment was noted in the left eye, and he was referred to our hospital for further examination. The patient had no history of systemic disease. A fundus examination of his left eye showed a slightly elevated choroidal lesion along with the superior retinal vascular arcade. Optical coherence tomography showed a serous retinal detachment around the lesion. Fluorescein angiography showed that the site of the lesion had spotty and mottled hyperfluorescence in the early phase and ring hypofluorescence in the late phase. We suspected a metastatic choroidal tumor and performed a whole-body computed tomography scan, which indicated lung cancer and metastasis to the left iliac bone. The patient was referred to the department of respiratory medicine of our hospital, and after a thorough examination, a diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma (stage IV-B, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation positive) was made. Treatment with osimertinib was initiated, and shrinkage of the primary tumor was observed. The elevated choroidal lesion and serous retinal detachment resolved after two months of treatment, and no recurrence was observed during the 20 months of treatment. The use of osimertinib as primary treatment for EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer was found to significantly reduce the size of metastatic choroidal tumors and to have a relatively long-lasting antitumor effect without serious ocular complications.

Although the advent of molecular-targeted drugs has improved the prognosis of various cancers, the long-term prognosis and side effects as first-line therapy for metastatic choroidal tumors remain unclear. We describe a case in which first-line therapy of osimertinib has shown long-term successful and minimum side effect responses for metastatic choroidal tumors in a patient with advanced-stage lung cancer. The patient was a 62-year-old man who complained of foggy vision and visual field defects in his left eye for one month. When he visited his local doctor, a serous retinal detachment was noted in the left eye, and he was referred to our hospital for further examination. The patient had no history of systemic disease. A fundus examination of his left eye showed a slightly elevated choroidal lesion along with the superior retinal vascular arcade. Optical coherence tomography showed a serous retinal detachment around the lesion. Fluorescein angiography showed that the site of the lesion had spotty and mottled hyperfluorescence in the early phase and ring hypofluorescence in the late phase. We suspected a metastatic choroidal tumor and performed a whole-body computed tomography scan, which indicated lung cancer and metastasis to the left iliac bone. The patient was referred to the department of respiratory medicine of our hospital, and after a thorough examination, a diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma (stage IV-B, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation positive) was made. Treatment with osimertinib was initiated, and shrinkage of the primary tumor was observed. The elevated choroidal lesion and serous retinal detachment resolved after two months of treatment, and no recurrence was observed during the 20 months of treatment. The use of osimertinib as primary treatment for EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer was found to significantly reduce the size of metastatic choroidal tumors and to have a relatively long-lasting antitumor effect without serious ocular complications.

This is a retrospective, consecutive, noncomparative case series of 6 eyes of 5 RP patients who had undergone PPV and IOL implantation. The aim of this case series was to report the long-term outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The surgical procedures, visual function, refractive error, corneal endothelial cell density, intraocular pressure, and retinal morphology were evaluated before and three years after the surgery. Six eyes of 5 RP patients that had undergone PPV and IOL implantation with or without suturing for lens dislocation were studied. The visual acuity was maintained or improved at 3 years after surgery in all 6 eyes. No intraoperative complications occurred in any of the cases. The mean deviation of the Humphrey Field Analyzer 10-2 program and the retinal morphology evaluated by optical coherence tomography did not show any abnormal changes before and after surgery. In two eyes, the postoperative refractive error was more myopic than the attempted refractive error. In conclusion, PPV with IOL implantation can be performed safely in RP patients, and the long-term visual acuity can be maintained.

This is a retrospective, consecutive, noncomparative case series of 6 eyes of 5 RP patients who had undergone PPV and IOL implantation. The aim of this case series was to report the long-term outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The surgical procedures, visual function, refractive error, corneal endothelial cell density, intraocular pressure, and retinal morphology were evaluated before and three years after the surgery. Six eyes of 5 RP patients that had undergone PPV and IOL implantation with or without suturing for lens dislocation were studied. The visual acuity was maintained or improved at 3 years after surgery in all 6 eyes. No intraoperative complications occurred in any of the cases. The mean deviation of the Humphrey Field Analyzer 10-2 program and the retinal morphology evaluated by optical coherence tomography did not show any abnormal changes before and after surgery. In two eyes, the postoperative refractive error was more myopic than the attempted refractive error. In conclusion, PPV with IOL implantation can be performed safely in RP patients, and the long-term visual acuity can be maintained.