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Data of all MUCCnet stations (except Ma061) during OCO2 and OCO3 overpasses in summer 2020. All data of Ma061 during OCO2 and OCO3 overpasses (2016-2023) can be found on the EVDC platform: https://doi.org/10.48477/coccon.pf10.munich.sn061.r01 , https://doi.org/10.48477/coccon.pf22.munich.sn061.r02Please cite the EVDC datasets if you use them. The data policy mentioned on the EVDC dataset pages applies.

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Dataset supporting the submission of the manuscript titled "Intercomparison of biogenic CO2 flux models in four urban parks in the city of Zurich" to the to the international journal "Biogeosciences".Meteorological dataHourly aggregated meteorological dataset for the urban area of Zurich, originating from two urban stations: Kaserne (8°32'/47°23'), which is a station of the Swiss national air pollution monitoring network NABEL, and Hardau II (8°30'/47°23'), which is a station established for the ICOS-Cities project.  Zurich Kaserne is located in a large courtyard. Wind and global radiation are measured on top of a four-storey building. Wind is measured at 35 m and global radiation at 27 m above ground. Hardau II station is established on the top of a high-rise building (110 m a.g.l.). Meteorological observation gaps were filled using Copernicus ERA5-Land data.Data format: comma separated values (csv)Time step: 60 min (aggregated)Time stamp: yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm, UTC, end of aggregated periodPeriod: 01/2022–09/2023Monthly mean atmospheric CO2 concentration data derived from the ICOS-Cities Hardau II station (07/2022–09/2023) and the Beromunster station (11/2012–02/2022). Observation gaps were filled using Copernicus ERA5-Land data.Further information on the dataset can be found in the submitted manuscript. Data format: comma separated values (csv)Time step: Monthly (mean)Time stamp: yyyy-MM-dd Period: 11/2012–09/2023VariableAcronymUnitsHeight above groundLocationGeographic locationGlobal radiationGW m-227 mKaserne8°32'/47°23'Air temperatureTairDegrees Celsius2 mKaserne8°32'/47°23'Relative humidityRH%2 mKaserne8°32'/47°23'Air pressurePhPa2 mKaserne8°32'/47°23'Wind speedum s-135 mKaserne8°32'/47°23'PrecipitationRmm2 mKaserne8°32'/47°23'Downward longwave radiationLWW m-2110 mHardau II, ERA-58°30'/47°23'Soil temperatureTsoilDegrees Celsius-0.15 mParks-Soil water contentSWCm3 m-3-0.15 mParks-Atmospheric CO2 concentrationCO2ppmv2 mHardau II, Beromunster, ERA-58°30'/47°23', 8°10'/47°11 In-situ ecophysiological dataIn-situ ecophysiology measurements performed on park trees and lawns in the city of Zurich during the ICOS-Cities project.LAI (leaf area index) was measured in dense Platanus sp. tree stands, found only in Bullingerhof and Hardaupark, during sunny conditions using a ceptometer (SS1 SunScan, Delta-T Devices).Sap flow was measured at six trees (Platanus sp., Tilia sp.), at Bullingerhof, Hardaupark and Fritschiwiese, with heat pulse sap flow sensors (3 x 3 cm probes, Implexx Sense), providing continuous measurements at 10-min sampling intervals. Daily aggregated sap flux densities (cm3 cm−2 d−1) were calculated from the 10-min data using the sensor inner thermistors, averaged for the six sampled trees.Soil and grass respiration were measured using a portable CO2 soil efflux system equipped with a 20 cm diameter survey chamber (LI-8200-01S, LI-COR Biosciences) and a CO2/H2O analyser (LI-870, LI-COR Biosciences). The observations originate from a total of 10 soil collars (Bullingerhof, Hardaupark, Fritschiwiese, Heiligfeld) separated to undisturbed grass collars (Reco, μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) and collars where the aboveground grass was clipped (Rsoil, μmol CO2 m-2 s-1).Further information on the dataset can be found in the submitted manuscript.Data format: comma separated values (csv)Time stamp: yyyy-MM-ddPeriod: 04/2022–09/2023 Land cover mapLand cover map of part of Zurich urban area. Datasets used to derive this map:·        Land Use Cadastre of the Canton of Zurich (https://www.geolion.zh.ch/geodatensatz/show?gdsid=443)·        Urban Atlas (https://doi.org/10.2909/fb4dffa1-6ceb-4cc0-8372-1ed354c285e6)·        Vegetation Height Model (VHM) from the Swiss federal forest inventory (https://opendata.swiss/de/dataset/vegetationshohenmodell-lfi)·        Forest Mixture from the Swiss Federal Forest Inventory (https://opendata.swiss/de/dataset/waldmischungsgrad-lfi)Further information on the dataset can be found in the submitted manuscript. Data specifications:CRS: EPSG:32632 - WGS 84 / UTM zone 32N - ProjectedSpatial Extent: 461972.1, 5246490.4 : 463972.1, 5248490.4Temporal Extent: 2023Units: metersWidth: 2000Height: 2000Bands: 1Pixel Size: 1,-1Data type: Float32 - Thirty two bit floating pointGDAL Driver Description: GTiffGDAL Driver Metadata: GeoTIFF Legend:30           Grass40           Crops50           Paved60           Buildings70           Deciduous trees80           Water CO2 fluxesHourly mean CO2 fluxes estimated by the models diFUME, JSBACH, SUEWS and VPRM for the trees and lawns of the Zurich urban parks: Bullingerhof, Hardaupark, Fritschiwiese and Heiligfeld. GPP stands for gross primary productivity, Reco for ecosystem respiration and NEE for net ecosystem exchange. All fluxes are in units: μmol CO2 m-2 s-1.The parameter sets used by each model are presented in the Tables below. Further information on the dataset can be found in the submitted manuscript.Parameters used by diFUME modelParameterValueUnitsDescriptionA_max15μmol CO2 m-2 s-1maximum leaf gross photosynthetic ratea0.045mol CO2 mol-1 PARquantum yield for CO2 assimilationa_125N/Aempirical coefficient in Leuning (1995) modelb_0.65N/Aempirical coefficient in β-factor formulab_15N/Aempirical coefficientD_o0.3kPaempirically determined coefficient for the VPD scalar inside Leuning (1995) modelD_sc1N/Adaylight scalar for dark respiration inhibition during day (1: no inhibition)E_0487.75Ktemperature sensitivity parameter for soil respirationg_o0.01mol CO2 m-2 s-1residual stomatal conductance for CO2 (g_s when Anet = 0, PAR = 0).Q_101.85N/Atemperature sensitivity of leaf respirationR_(l,ref)1.53μmol CO2 m-2 s-1reference leaf respiration at Tair = 25 °CR_(S,ref)2.49μmol CO2 m-2 s-1reference soil respiration at Tsoil = 10 °CT_opt23°Coptimum air temperature for gross photosynthesisT_0-46°Clow-temperature limit for soil respirationT_(ref,S)10°Creference soil temperature for soil respirationT_(ref,l)25°Creference air temperature for leaf respirationW10°Cwidth of the bell-shape curve at f(T_air )  = 0.5θ_ref0.4m3 m-3saturated soil volumetric water content θ_g0.1m3 m-3minimum soil volumetric water content, limit to stomatal conductanceθ_00.04m3 m-3minimum soil volumetric water content, limit to soil respiration Parameters used by JSBACH modelParameterTreesLawnUnitsDescriptionJ_max104.5148.6μmol(CO2) m-2(leaf) s-1Maximum electron transport rate at 25 °CT_alt4.0–4.5 °CAlternation temperatureθ_cap0.32– 0.390.32– 0.34m m-1Volumetric soil field capacityθ_pwp0.13– 0.210.135–0.165m m-1Volumetric wilting pointV_max55.078.2μmol(CO2) m-2(leaf) s-1Maximum carboxylation rate at 25 °Cz_root0.50.12mRoot depthCC1.251.25N/ARelative cost to produce one carbonf_faeces0.30.3N/AFraction of carbon from herbivore faeces that goes into the green litter poolf_leaf0.40.4N/AA fixed fraction of canopy maintenance respiration that makes up the dark respirationk0.10.09N/ALAI growth rate during growth phaseLAI_max3.6–4.13.0m2 m-2Maximum leaf area indexpveg:0.004rest:0.1growth:0.1dry:0.015N/ALAI shedding rate (trees: vegetative and rest phase; grass: growth and dry season)r_d0.6050.8602μmol(CO2) m-2(leaf) s-1Dark respiration at 25 °C, fraction of Vmax Parameters used by SUEWS modelParameterTreesLawnUnitsDescriptionf_i0.210.18N/AFraction of each vegetation type iF_(pho,max,i)8.38.92μmol m-2 s-1Maximum potential photosynthesisLAI_(max,i)4.83m2 m-2Full leaf-on summertime valueLAI_(min,i)0.661.6m2 m-2Leaf-off wintertime valueT_L-10-10°CLower air temperature limitT_H5555°CUpper air temperature limitG_53030°CParameter related to temperature dependenceG_30.660.538N/AParameter related to VPD dependenceG_40.890.87N/AParameter related to VPD dependenceG_60.360.55mm-1Parameter related to soil moisture dependenceG_2477263.5W m-2Parameter related to  dependenceΔθ_WP132.5143mmWilting point deficitK_(↓max)12001200W m-2Maximum incoming shortwave radiationa_i0.781.7N/AEmpirical soil and vegetation respiration coefficientb_i0.080.06N/AEmpirical soil and vegetation respiration coefficientω_(1,GDD,i)0.040.04N/AParameter for LAI calculationω_(2,GDD,i)0.00050.0005N/AParameter for LAI calculationω_(1,SDD,i)-1.5-1.5N/AParameter for LAI calculationω_(1,SDD,i)0.00250.0025N/AParameter for LAI calculationGDD300300daysThe growing degree days (GDD) needed for full capacity of the leaf area indexSDD-300-300daysThe senescence degree days (SDD) needed to initiate leaf offT_(base,GDD)55°CBase Temperature for initiating growing degree days (GDD) for leaf growthT_(base,SDD)1010°CBase temperature for initiating senescence degree days (SDD) for leaf off Parameters used by VPRM modelParameterTreesLawnUnitsDescriptionλ-0.16-0.13μmol CO2 m-2 s-1light use efficiencyPAR_0356.99545.61μmol m-2 s-1half-saturation valueα0.220.40μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 /0Cempirical coefficientβ1.090.42μmol CO2 m-2 s-1empirical coefficientT_max4040°C maximum temperature for photosynthesisT_min02°C minimum temperature for photosynthesisT_opt2018°C optimal temperature for photosynthesisT_low00°C to account for the persistence of soil respiration in winter Data format: comma separated values (csv)Time step: 60 min (aggregated)Time stamp: yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm, UTC, end of aggregated periodPeriod: 01/2022–09/2023

Dataset supporting the submission of the manuscript titled "Intercomparison of biogenic CO2 flux models in four urban parks in the city of Zurich" to the to the international journal "Biogeosciences".Meteorological dataHourly aggregated meteorological dataset for the urban area of Zurich, originating from two urban stations: Kaserne (8°32'/47°23'), which is a station of the Swiss national air pollution monitoring network NABEL, and Hardau II (8°30'/47°23'), which is a station established for the ICOS-Cities project.  Zurich Kaserne is located in a large courtyard. Wind and global radiation are measured on top of a four-storey building. Wind is measured at 35 m and global radiation at 27 m above ground. Hardau II station is established on the top of a high-rise building (110 m a.g.l.). Meteorological observation gaps were filled using Copernicus ERA5-Land data.Data format: comma separated values (csv)Time step: 60 min (aggregated)Time stamp: yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm, UTC, end of aggregated periodPeriod: 01/2022–09/2023Monthly mean atmospheric CO2 concentration data derived from the ICOS-Cities Hardau II station (07/2022–09/2023) and the Beromunster station (11/2012–02/2022). Observation gaps were filled using Copernicus ERA5-Land data.Further information on the dataset can be found in the submitted manuscript. Data format: comma separated values (csv)Time step: Monthly (mean)Time stamp: yyyy-MM-dd Period: 11/2012–09/2023VariableAcronymUnitsHeight above groundLocationGeographic locationGlobal radiationGW m-227 mKaserne8°32'/47°23'Air temperatureTairDegrees Celsius2 mKaserne8°32'/47°23'Relative humidityRH%2 mKaserne8°32'/47°23'Air pressurePhPa2 mKaserne8°32'/47°23'Wind speedum s-135 mKaserne8°32'/47°23'PrecipitationRmm2 mKaserne8°32'/47°23'Downward longwave radiationLWW m-2110 mHardau II, ERA-58°30'/47°23'Soil temperatureTsoilDegrees Celsius-0.15 mParks-Soil water contentSWCm3 m-3-0.15 mParks-Atmospheric CO2 concentrationCO2ppmv2 mHardau II, Beromunster, ERA-58°30'/47°23', 8°10'/47°11 In-situ ecophysiological dataIn-situ ecophysiology measurements performed on park trees and lawns in the city of Zurich during the ICOS-Cities project.LAI (leaf area index) was measured in dense Platanus sp. tree stands, found only in Bullingerhof and Hardaupark, during sunny conditions using a ceptometer (SS1 SunScan, Delta-T Devices).Sap flow was measured at six trees (Platanus sp., Tilia sp.), at Bullingerhof, Hardaupark and Fritschiwiese, with heat pulse sap flow sensors (3 x 3 cm probes, Implexx Sense), providing continuous measurements at 10-min sampling intervals. Daily aggregated sap flux densities (cm3 cm−2 d−1) were calculated from the 10-min data using the sensor inner thermistors, averaged for the six sampled trees.Soil and grass respiration were measured using a portable CO2 soil efflux system equipped with a 20 cm diameter survey chamber (LI-8200-01S, LI-COR Biosciences) and a CO2/H2O analyser (LI-870, LI-COR Biosciences). The observations originate from a total of 10 soil collars (Bullingerhof, Hardaupark, Fritschiwiese, Heiligfeld) separated to undisturbed grass collars (Reco, μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) and collars where the aboveground grass was clipped (Rsoil, μmol CO2 m-2 s-1).Further information on the dataset can be found in the submitted manuscript.Data format: comma separated values (csv)Time stamp: yyyy-MM-ddPeriod: 04/2022–09/2023 Land cover mapLand cover map of part of Zurich urban area. Datasets used to derive this map:·        Land Use Cadastre of the Canton of Zurich (https://www.geolion.zh.ch/geodatensatz/show?gdsid=443)·        Urban Atlas (https://doi.org/10.2909/fb4dffa1-6ceb-4cc0-8372-1ed354c285e6)·        Vegetation Height Model (VHM) from the Swiss federal forest inventory (https://opendata.swiss/de/dataset/vegetationshohenmodell-lfi)·        Forest Mixture from the Swiss Federal Forest Inventory (https://opendata.swiss/de/dataset/waldmischungsgrad-lfi)Further information on the dataset can be found in the submitted manuscript. Data specifications:CRS: EPSG:32632 - WGS 84 / UTM zone 32N - ProjectedSpatial Extent: 461972.1, 5246490.4 : 463972.1, 5248490.4Temporal Extent: 2023Units: metersWidth: 2000Height: 2000Bands: 1Pixel Size: 1,-1Data type: Float32 - Thirty two bit floating pointGDAL Driver Description: GTiffGDAL Driver Metadata: GeoTIFF Legend:30           Grass40           Crops50           Paved60           Buildings70           Deciduous trees80           Water CO2 fluxesHourly mean CO2 fluxes estimated by the models diFUME, JSBACH, SUEWS and VPRM for the trees and lawns of the Zurich urban parks: Bullingerhof, Hardaupark, Fritschiwiese and Heiligfeld. GPP stands for gross primary productivity, Reco for ecosystem respiration and NEE for net ecosystem exchange. All fluxes are in units: μmol CO2 m-2 s-1.The parameter sets used by each model are presented in the Tables below. Further information on the dataset can be found in the submitted manuscript.Parameters used by diFUME modelParameterValueUnitsDescriptionA_max15μmol CO2 m-2 s-1maximum leaf gross photosynthetic ratea0.045mol CO2 mol-1 PARquantum yield for CO2 assimilationa_125N/Aempirical coefficient in Leuning (1995) modelb_0.65N/Aempirical coefficient in β-factor formulab_15N/Aempirical coefficientD_o0.3kPaempirically determined coefficient for the VPD scalar inside Leuning (1995) modelD_sc1N/Adaylight scalar for dark respiration inhibition during day (1: no inhibition)E_0487.75Ktemperature sensitivity parameter for soil respirationg_o0.01mol CO2 m-2 s-1residual stomatal conductance for CO2 (g_s when Anet = 0, PAR = 0).Q_101.85N/Atemperature sensitivity of leaf respirationR_(l,ref)1.53μmol CO2 m-2 s-1reference leaf respiration at Tair = 25 °CR_(S,ref)2.49μmol CO2 m-2 s-1reference soil respiration at Tsoil = 10 °CT_opt23°Coptimum air temperature for gross photosynthesisT_0-46°Clow-temperature limit for soil respirationT_(ref,S)10°Creference soil temperature for soil respirationT_(ref,l)25°Creference air temperature for leaf respirationW10°Cwidth of the bell-shape curve at f(T_air )  = 0.5θ_ref0.4m3 m-3saturated soil volumetric water content θ_g0.1m3 m-3minimum soil volumetric water content, limit to stomatal conductanceθ_00.04m3 m-3minimum soil volumetric water content, limit to soil respiration Parameters used by JSBACH modelParameterTreesLawnUnitsDescriptionJ_max104.5148.6μmol(CO2) m-2(leaf) s-1Maximum electron transport rate at 25 °CT_alt4.0–4.5 °CAlternation temperatureθ_cap0.32– 0.390.32– 0.34m m-1Volumetric soil field capacityθ_pwp0.13– 0.210.135–0.165m m-1Volumetric wilting pointV_max55.078.2μmol(CO2) m-2(leaf) s-1Maximum carboxylation rate at 25 °Cz_root0.50.12mRoot depthCC1.251.25N/ARelative cost to produce one carbonf_faeces0.30.3N/AFraction of carbon from herbivore faeces that goes into the green litter poolf_leaf0.40.4N/AA fixed fraction of canopy maintenance respiration that makes up the dark respirationk0.10.09N/ALAI growth rate during growth phaseLAI_max3.6–4.13.0m2 m-2Maximum leaf area indexpveg:0.004rest:0.1growth:0.1dry:0.015N/ALAI shedding rate (trees: vegetative and rest phase; grass: growth and dry season)r_d0.6050.8602μmol(CO2) m-2(leaf) s-1Dark respiration at 25 °C, fraction of Vmax Parameters used by SUEWS modelParameterTreesLawnUnitsDescriptionf_i0.210.18N/AFraction of each vegetation type iF_(pho,max,i)8.38.92μmol m-2 s-1Maximum potential photosynthesisLAI_(max,i)4.83m2 m-2Full leaf-on summertime valueLAI_(min,i)0.661.6m2 m-2Leaf-off wintertime valueT_L-10-10°CLower air temperature limitT_H5555°CUpper air temperature limitG_53030°CParameter related to temperature dependenceG_30.660.538N/AParameter related to VPD dependenceG_40.890.87N/AParameter related to VPD dependenceG_60.360.55mm-1Parameter related to soil moisture dependenceG_2477263.5W m-2Parameter related to  dependenceΔθ_WP132.5143mmWilting point deficitK_(↓max)12001200W m-2Maximum incoming shortwave radiationa_i0.781.7N/AEmpirical soil and vegetation respiration coefficientb_i0.080.06N/AEmpirical soil and vegetation respiration coefficientω_(1,GDD,i)0.040.04N/AParameter for LAI calculationω_(2,GDD,i)0.00050.0005N/AParameter for LAI calculationω_(1,SDD,i)-1.5-1.5N/AParameter for LAI calculationω_(1,SDD,i)0.00250.0025N/AParameter for LAI calculationGDD300300daysThe growing degree days (GDD) needed for full capacity of the leaf area indexSDD-300-300daysThe senescence degree days (SDD) needed to initiate leaf offT_(base,GDD)55°CBase Temperature for initiating growing degree days (GDD) for leaf growthT_(base,SDD)1010°CBase temperature for initiating senescence degree days (SDD) for leaf off Parameters used by VPRM modelParameterTreesLawnUnitsDescriptionλ-0.16-0.13μmol CO2 m-2 s-1light use efficiencyPAR_0356.99545.61μmol m-2 s-1half-saturation valueα0.220.40μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 /0Cempirical coefficientβ1.090.42μmol CO2 m-2 s-1empirical coefficientT_max4040°C maximum temperature for photosynthesisT_min02°C minimum temperature for photosynthesisT_opt2018°C optimal temperature for photosynthesisT_low00°C to account for the persistence of soil respiration in winter Data format: comma separated values (csv)Time step: 60 min (aggregated)Time stamp: yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm, UTC, end of aggregated periodPeriod: 01/2022–09/2023