Penaeid shrimp farming plays a pivotal role in ensuring future food security and promoting economic sustainability. Compared with the extensive long history of domestication observed in terrestrial agriculture species, the domestication and selective breeding of penaeids are relatively recent endeavors. Selective breeding aimed at improving production traits holds significant promise for enhancing efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of shrimp farming, thereby contributing to its long-term sustainability. Assessing genotype-by-environment interactions is essential in breeding programs to ensure that improved penaeid shrimp strains perform consistently across different production environments, with genomic selection offers significant advantages over traditional pedigree-based selection in breeding programs. Precision genome editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9 offer significant potential to accelerate genetic gains in penaeid shrimp by enabling rapid introduction of desired genetic changes to enhance production efficiency, improve disease resistance, and reduce environmental impacts. Looking ahead, artificial intelligence is being leveraged to streamline phenotyping and enhance decision-making in shrimp breeding and farming, improving efficiency and accuracy in managing traits and predicting disease outbreaks. Herein, this manuscript provides an overview and update of penaeid shrimp domestication, including the current status for principal farmed species, key historical milestones, targeted breeding traits in selective breeding programs, the advantages of integrating genomic selection for enhancing production traits, and future directions for selective breeding of penaeid shrimp.

Penaeid shrimp farming plays a pivotal role in ensuring future food security and promoting economic sustainability. Compared with the extensive long history of domestication observed in terrestrial agriculture species, the domestication and selective breeding of penaeids are relatively recent endeavors. Selective breeding aimed at improving production traits holds significant promise for enhancing efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of shrimp farming, thereby contributing to its long-term sustainability. Assessing genotype-by-environment interactions is essential in breeding programs to ensure that improved penaeid shrimp strains perform consistently across different production environments, with genomic selection offers significant advantages over traditional pedigree-based selection in breeding programs. Precision genome editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9 offer significant potential to accelerate genetic gains in penaeid shrimp by enabling rapid introduction of desired genetic changes to enhance production efficiency, improve disease resistance, and reduce environmental impacts. Looking ahead, artificial intelligence is being leveraged to streamline phenotyping and enhance decision-making in shrimp breeding and farming, improving efficiency and accuracy in managing traits and predicting disease outbreaks. Herein, this manuscript provides an overview and update of penaeid shrimp domestication, including the current status for principal farmed species, key historical milestones, targeted breeding traits in selective breeding programs, the advantages of integrating genomic selection for enhancing production traits, and future directions for selective breeding of penaeid shrimp.