Significance StatementFreshwater fishes support aquatic ecosystems and human well-being, yet global knowledge of their diversity remains incomplete. This repository quantifies three major biodiversity knowledge gaps—Linnaean, Wallacean, and Darwinian shortfalls—across 18,821 species in 3,364 drainage basins. We provide globally scalable analyses and a multi-objective prioritization framework to guide efficient, equity-oriented freshwater biodiversity data collection. All code and processed data are fully reproducible and available here.Supporting Information:Table_Extended_S1.xlsx: Inventory of 18,821 freshwater fish species included in the analysis (updated 24 November 2024).Table_Extended_S2.xlsx: Body-size data flags distinguishing measured and imputed values.Table_Extended_S3.xlsx: Inventory of freshwater fish biogeographical deficiency units identified in this study.Table_Extended_S4.xlsx: Drainage basins prioritized for future freshwater biodiversity data collection.Figure_Extended_S1.pptx Animated visualization of global first georeferenced freshwater fish records.All R scripts used for data acquisition, processing, analysis, and model fitting in this study are openly available via GitHub Repository and archived on Zenodo for long-term.

Significance StatementFreshwater fishes support aquatic ecosystems and human well-being, yet global knowledge of their diversity remains incomplete. This repository quantifies three major biodiversity knowledge gaps—Linnaean, Wallacean, and Darwinian shortfalls—across 18,821 species in 3,364 drainage basins. We provide globally scalable analyses and a multi-objective prioritization framework to guide efficient, equity-oriented freshwater biodiversity data collection. All code and processed data are fully reproducible and available here.Supporting Information:Table_Extended_S1.xlsx: Inventory of 18,821 freshwater fish species included in the analysis (updated 24 November 2024).Table_Extended_S2.xlsx: Body-size data flags distinguishing measured and imputed values.Table_Extended_S3.xlsx: Inventory of freshwater fish biogeographical deficiency units identified in this study.Table_Extended_S4.xlsx: Drainage basins prioritized for future freshwater biodiversity data collection.Figure_Extended_S1.pptx Animated visualization of global first georeferenced freshwater fish records.All R scripts used for data acquisition, processing, analysis, and model fitting in this study are openly available via GitHub Repository and archived on Zenodo for long-term.

DescriptionThis repository provides the raw data and codebase for analyzing scientific colonialism practices associated with retention, appropriation, and network flow of mammal holotypes for species described between 1990 and early 2025. The code fully reproduces all analyses reported in the manuscript, including the extraction of holotype-based metrics per country, the integration of socioeconomic variables from global datasets, statistical comparisons, and the generation of all figures for the main text and supplementary materials. The workflow ensures transparent and replicable results, from data processing to final visualization.File contentRawData.xlsx: it represents the raw data on mammal holotypes for species descriptions published between 1990 and 2025. It includes 24 fields detailing taxonomic ranks, authority, the sourcing and housing countries of each holotype specimen, the geographical coordinates of the species' type locality, and geopolitical classifications associated with the country of origin and destination.R-code: script to reproduce all analyses and figures.Shapefiles.zip: it represents the "Shapefiles" folder directory, which includes four shapefiles in this zip. (i) landcover_SIMP, boundaries of land areas worldwide. (ii) world_limit, bounding box of world extent. (iii) world-administrative-boundaries, country-level geopolitical boundaries (see https://data.ipu.org/content/regional-groupings). (iv) wwf_realms, the biogeographical realm limits extracted from https://ecoregions.appspot.com/). Datasets.zip: it represents the "Datasets" folder directory, which includes six csv files. Except for the file qog_std_ts_jan25.csv, which is sourced from the Quality of Government dataset (also available here), all other files are produced by the provided R code. We include these files to facilitate reproducibility without requiring users to run the entire code. One necessary CSV file for full reproduction, which contains 2.5GB of mammal specimen records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), is available for separate download at https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.32rfs8. RData.zip: it represents the "RData" folder directory, which includes 10 files in RData or rds extension. These files are all produced by the R-code provided. We provide them here to facilitate reproducibility of our results without the need of reruning the complete code. Correspondence to: [email protected]

DescriptionThis repository provides the raw data and codebase for analyzing scientific colonialism practices associated with retention, appropriation, and network flow of mammal holotypes for species described between 1990 and early 2025. The code fully reproduces all analyses reported in the manuscript, including the extraction of holotype-based metrics per country, the integration of socioeconomic variables from global datasets, statistical comparisons, and the generation of all figures for the main text and supplementary materials. The workflow ensures transparent and replicable results, from data processing to final visualization.File contentRawData.xlsx: it represents the raw data on mammal holotypes for species descriptions published between 1990 and 2025. It includes 24 fields detailing taxonomic ranks, authority, the sourcing and housing countries of each holotype specimen, the geographical coordinates of the species' type locality, and geopolitical classifications associated with the country of origin and destination.R-code: script to reproduce all analyses and figures.Shapefiles.zip: it represents the "Shapefiles" folder directory, which includes four shapefiles in this zip. (i) landcover_SIMP, boundaries of land areas worldwide. (ii) world_limit, bounding box of world extent. (iii) world-administrative-boundaries, country-level geopolitical boundaries (see https://data.ipu.org/content/regional-groupings). (iv) wwf_realms, the biogeographical realm limits extracted from https://ecoregions.appspot.com/). Datasets.zip: it represents the "Datasets" folder directory, which includes six csv files. Except for the file qog_std_ts_jan25.csv, which is sourced from the Quality of Government dataset (also available here), all other files are produced by the provided R code. We include these files to facilitate reproducibility without requiring users to run the entire code. One necessary CSV file for full reproduction, which contains 2.5GB of mammal specimen records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), is available for separate download at https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.32rfs8. RData.zip: it represents the "RData" folder directory, which includes 10 files in RData or rds extension. These files are all produced by the R-code provided. We provide them here to facilitate reproducibility of our results without the need of reruning the complete code. Correspondence to: [email protected]