Spatial snow and ice thickness measurements from ice stations PS81/503, PS81/506 and PS81/517 from Research Vessel Polarstern in the Antarctic Weddell Sea in austral winter 2013 (cruise leg ANT-XXIX/6, AWECS campaign). Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was used to determine the snow surface height above sea level for an approximately 50x50m patch. The reference to sea level was obtained using registration targets drilled through the ice with a measured distance between the target and the water level in the drill holes. Magnaprobe measures snow depth (Sturm et al., 2018) and the GEM-2 instrument measures the combined snow and ice thickness (Hunkeler et al., 2016). Magnaprobe and GEM-2 was performed inside the laser scan field after all scans had been acquired. Additionally floe-scale walks were performed using Magnaprobe and GEM-2 to capture variability on a larger scale than the laser scan field. Further information can be found in Wever et al. (2021).

Combined snow and ice thickness from a multifrequency electromagnetic induction instrument (GEM-2) in the terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) area, see Hunkeler et al. (2015) for details. GEM-2 was performed inside the laser scan field after all scans had been acquired.

Combined snow and ice thickness from a multifrequency electromagnetic induction instrument (GEM-2) in the terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) area, see Hunkeler et al. (2015) for details. GEM-2 was performed inside the laser scan field after all scans had been acquired.

Combined snow and ice thickness from a multifrequency electromagnetic induction instrument (GEM-2) in the terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) area, see Hunkeler et al. (2015) for details. GEM-2 was performed inside the laser scan field after all scans had been acquired.

Automatic weather station buoy data PS81/517 from Weddell Sea, Antarctica, 2013. The buoy was deployed together with an ice mass balance buoy (see under related) on sea ice station PS81/517 from Research Vessel Polarstern in the Antarctic Weddell Sea in austral winter 2013 (cruise leg ANT-XXIX/6, AWECS campaign). The automatic weather station provides data between 2013-07-30T19:00 and 2013-11-10T12:00. Time is in UTC.

Ice mass balance (IMB) buoy data PS81/517 from Weddell Sea, Antarctica, 2013. The buoy was deployed together with an automatic weather station buoy (see under related) on sea ice station PS81/517 from Research Vessel Polarstern in the Antarctic Weddell Sea in austral winter 2013 (cruise leg ANT-XXIX/6, AWECS campaign). The IMB buoy provides data between 2013-07-31T17:28:00 and 2013-10-11T00:30:00.The IMB buoy was kindly provided by the Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS). The IMB buoy consisted of a thermistor string of 5 m length, with a 2 cm sensor spacing. Interfaces were determined by hand. Heating cycle data was of poor quality, so the interfaces were picked mostly based on temperature. The ice interface will be pretty good (~2 cm accuracy), and the snow is probably a bit more inaccurate. The bottom interface was determined from the existence of a knee in the temperature profile where apparent. The top interface was picked based on the transition to constant temperature in the air and the diurnal variability. This may be subject to some bias, but note that the changes are only a few cm until the end where the IMB probably died because it got washed over (based on recorded temperatures). No flooding is apparent in the measurements.

Automatic weather station data from a buoy deployed on sea ice station PS81/515-1 from Research Vessel Polarstern in the Antarctic Weddell Sea in austral winter 2013 (cruise leg ANT-XXIX/6, AWECS campaign). The automatic weather station provides data between 2013-07-26T19:00 and 2013-10-03T19:00. Time is in UTC.

Automatic weather station buoy data PS81/506 from Weddell Sea, Antarctica, 2013-2014. The buoy was deployed together with an ice mass balance buoy (see under related) on sea ice station PS81/506 from Research Vessel Polarstern in the Antarctic Weddell Sea in austral winter 2013 (cruise leg ANT-XXIX/6, AWECS campaign). The automatic weather station provides data between 2013-07-12T14:00 and 2013-08-13T14:00. Time is in UTC.

Ice mass balance (IMB) buoy data PS81/506 from Weddell Sea, Antarctica, 2013-2014. The buoy was deployed together with an automatic weather station buoy (see under related) on sea ice station PS81/506 from Research Vessel Polarstern in the Antarctic Weddell Sea in austral winter 2013 (cruise leg ANT-XXIX/6, AWECS campaign). The IMB buoy provides data between 2013-07-13T12:15:00 and 2014-02-07T01:17:00. The IMB buoy was kindly provided by the Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS). The IMB buoy consisted of a thermistor string of 5 m length, with a 2 cm sensor spacing. Interfaces were determined by hand. The bottom interface was determined from the existence of a knee in the temperature profile where apparent, combined with the heating cycle data. Both the amount of heating, and the ratio of heating at 60s over heating at 30s were used. This is very accurate up until ~day 300, and it is probably about +/- 4 cm after that. The snow interface was determined by the above, and looking at the knee in the temperature profile for each of the four temperature profiles during the day. This is more difficult to pick out, so accuracy here is maybe a few cm. Note flooding occurred at ~day 290 (probably up to freeboard level on ~day 278). The flooding interface was determined from day 250 on, and based mostly on the heating cycle. Clear surface snow melt on ~day 330, and IMB goes isothermal and warm on ~day 350. It may be that the thermistor string was pulled out of the ice, since it is warm at the sensors that were in the ocean.

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