Pleurodires are less specious than cryptodires, together forming the two major lineages of crown-turtles. Their fossil record, however, is rich. A particularly large number of fossil pleurodires, many belonging to Podocnemidoidae, has been recovered from the Late Cretaceous Bauru Group outcrops in south-central Brazil. Here we describe an additional pleurodire from this region, Amabilis uchoensis gen. et sp. nov., based on a partially preserved skull. A. uchoensis is recognized as a Podocnemidoidae by its small entrance to the antrum postoticum and completely developed cavum pterygoidei, being unique among other non-podocnemidid podocnemidoids for its medially open fenestra postotica and absent basioccipital-opisthotic contact. Our cladistic analysis places A. uchoensis as sister-taxon to Hamadachelys + other podocnemidoids. We further explore the neuroanatomy of side-necked turtles with the aid of microcomputed tomography (µCT) of specimens of the main pleurodiran lineages. Our data shed light on the different carotid circulation patterns among pleurodires, and we propose new phylogenetic characters which describe neuroanatomical variation of the group. The optimization of these characters shows two independent acquisitions of a foramen for the palatal branch of the carotid in chelids and podocnemidoids, and a unique loss of the vidian nerve canal in chelids among turtles in general.

The middle ear of turtles differs from other reptiles in being separated into two distinct compartments. Several ideas have been proposed as to why the middle ear is compartmentalized in turtles, most suggesting a relationship with underwater hearing. Extant turtle species span fully marine to strictly terrestrial habitats, and ecomorphological hypotheses of turtle hearing predict that this should correlate with variation in the structure of the middle ear due to differences in the fluid properties of water and air. We investigate the shape and size of the air-filled middle ear cavity of 56 extant turtles using 3D data and phylogenetic comparative analysis to test for correlations between habitat preferences and the shape and size of the middle ear cavity. Only weak correlations are found between middle ear cavity size and ecology, with aquatic taxa having proportionally smaller cavity volumes. The middle ear cavity of turtles exhibits high shape diversity among species, but we found no relationship between this shape variation and ecology. Surprisingly, the estimated acoustic transformer ratio, a key functional parameter of impedance-matching ears in vertebrates, also shows no relation to habitat preferences (aquatic/terrestrial) in turtles. We suggest that middle ear cavity shape may be controlled by factors unrelated to hearing, such as the spatial demands of surrounding cranial structures. A review of the fossil record suggests that the modern turtle ear evolved during the Early to Middle Jurassic in stem turtles broadly adapted to freshwater and terrestrial settings. This, combined with our finding that evolutionary transitions between habitats caused only weak evolutionary changes in middle ear structure, suggests that tympanic hearing in turtles evolved as a compromise between subaerial and underwater hearing.

Supplementary dataset to Evers et al. 2015. Zip-Archive of DICOM data for BSPG 2011 I 115, posterior cervical vertebra of Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis. Scan parameters specified in original publication.

Supplementary dataset to Evers et al. 2015. Zip-Archive of DICOM data for BSPG 2006 I 54, anterior dorsal vertebra of Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis. Scan parameters specified in original publication.

Supplementary dataset to Evers et al. 2015. Zip-Archive of DICOM data for BSPG 2006 I 54, anterior dorsal vertebra of Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis. Scan parameters specified in original publication.

Supplementary dataset to Evers et al. 2015. Zip-Archive of DICOM data for BSPG 2011 I 115, posterior cervical vertebra of Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis. Scan parameters specified in original publication.