We document the smaller average employment size and lower financial access of Black-owned compared to White-owned businesses. Controlling for other characteristics, we find that observed differences in finance account for 60 percent of the 11.3 percent racial gap in number of employees; differences in returns account for 103 percent. The results imply that if both the levels and returns on finance were equalized across races, then Black-owned firms would be 18.4 percent larger than their actual size. Equalizing financial factors alone would reverse the firm size gap, so that Black-owned firms would be larger than White-owned firms by 7.1 percent.

We document the smaller average employment size and lower financial access of Black-owned compared to White-owned businesses. Controlling for other characteristics, we find that observed differences in finance account for 60 percent of the 11.3 percent racial gap in number of employees; differences in returns account for 103 percent. The results imply that if both the levels and returns on finance were equalized across races, then Black-owned firms would be 18.4 percent larger than their actual size. Equalizing financial factors alone would reverse the firm size gap, so that Black-owned firms would be larger than White-owned firms by 7.1 percent.

This is replication code for "Citizenship Question Effects on Household Survey Response". The SAS program creates housing unit-level variables for the housing units in the 2019 Census Test. The Stata program mergesthese data together with the 2019 Census Test data, creates some additional variables, and produces the analysis in the paper.

Replication data for Privatization, a chapter in the Oxford Handbook of the Russian Economy (Michael Alexeev and Shlomo Weber, eds.), 2013.

Replication data from "Helping Hand or Grabbing Hand? State Bureaucracy and Privatization Effectiveness," published in the American Political Science Review.