GOCO2025s is a satellite-only, global gravity field model up to degree and order 300, with constrained secular, annual, and semi-annualvariations up to degree and order 200.GOCO2025s is the latest release in the Gravity Observation Combination (GOCO) series—an initiative aimed at computing high-accuracy and high-resolution static global gravity field models (www.goco.eu). The model is based on satellite data collected between 2002 and 2024 (inclusive). Contributing satellite missions include GOCE (TIM6 gradiometer observations), GRACE and GRACE-FO (KBR and LRI observations), as well as kinematic orbits from CHAMP, GOCE, Swarm A/B/C, Sentinel-1A/1B/2A/2B/3A/3B/6A, TerraSAR-X, TanDEM-X, and satellite laser ranging observations (ITRF2020 reference frame) to AJISAI, BLITS, LAGEOS-1, LAGEOS-2, LARES, LARES-2, LARETS, Starlette and Stella. The temporal variations include observations up to degree and order 150 and are regularized using isotropic noise, separated by land/ocean masks up to degree and order 200. The combination of individual data sources is based on the full system of normal equations, with relative weighting among the constituents determined via variance component estimation.The individual files of GOCO2025s contain:"GOCO2025s.gfc":Static and time-dependent gravity field coefficients in terms of spherical harmonics and their respective uncertainty information.An algorithm on how to compute a gravity field functional at a specific time can be found in the header. "GOCO2025s_normalEquation.snx":          All parts of the normal equation system of the static gravity field, including the original normal equation, the vector of the right hand side, apriori values of the unknown parameters, the normal equation of the applied constraints and the resulting solution vector."AOD1B_RL0X_included_in_GOCO2025s.gfc":  The gravitational potential of non-tidal atmospheric and ocean masses already included in GOCO2025s.In order to use GOCO2025s together with AOD1B RLO6 or RL07, the respective files have to reduced beforehand.

GOCO2025s is a satellite-only, global gravity field model up to degree and order 300, with constrained secular, annual, and semi-annualvariations up to degree and order 200.GOCO2025s is the latest release in the Gravity Observation Combination (GOCO) series—an initiative aimed at computing high-accuracy and high-resolution static global gravity field models (www.goco.eu). The model is based on satellite data collected between 2002 and 2024 (inclusive). Contributing satellite missions include GOCE (TIM6 gradiometer observations), GRACE and GRACE-FO (KBR and LRI observations), as well as kinematic orbits from CHAMP, GOCE, Swarm A/B/C, Sentinel-1A/1B/2A/2B/3A/3B/6A, TerraSAR-X, TanDEM-X, and satellite laser ranging observations (ITRF2020 reference frame) to AJISAI, BLITS, LAGEOS-1, LAGEOS-2, LARES, LARES-2, LARETS, Starlette and Stella. The temporal variations include observations up to degree and order 150 and are regularized using isotropic noise, separated by land/ocean masks up to degree and order 200. The combination of individual data sources is based on the full system of normal equations, with relative weighting among the constituents determined via variance component estimation.The individual files of GOCO2025s contain:"GOCO2025s.gfc":Static and time-dependent gravity field coefficients in terms of spherical harmonics and their respective uncertainty information.An algorithm on how to compute a gravity field functional at a specific time can be found in the header. "GOCO2025s_normalEquation.snx":          All parts of the normal equation system of the static gravity field, including the original normal equation, the vector of the right hand side, apriori values of the unknown parameters, the normal equation of the applied constraints and the resulting solution vector."AOD1B_RL0X_included_in_GOCO2025s.gfc":  The gravitational potential of non-tidal atmospheric and ocean masses already included in GOCO2025s.In order to use GOCO2025s together with AOD1B RLO6 or RL07, the respective files have to reduced beforehand.

Second release of combined monthly gravity fields of the GRACE and GRACE-FO satellite missions in spherical harmonic representation (Level-2 product) generated by the Combination Service for Time-variable Gravity Fields (COST-G; Jäggi et al., 2020), a product center for time-variable gravity fields of IAG's International Gravity Field Service (IGFS). COST-G RL02 is a combination of gravity field time series provided by the following analysis centers (ACs) and partner analysis centers (PCs) of COST-G: ACs: - GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences: GFZ RL06 (GRACE), GFZ RL06.3 (GRACE-FO) - Graz University of Technology, Institute of Geodesy: ITSG-Grace2018 (GRACE), ITSG-Grace_op (GRACE-FO) - Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Groupe de Recherche de Geodesie Spatiale: CNES_GRGS_RL05_CHOL (GRACE & GRACE-FO) - Astronomical Institute University of Bern: AIUB-RL03 (GRACE), AIUB-GRACE-FO_rl02op (GRACE-FO) - Leibniz Universität Hannover: LUH-GRACE-2020 (GRACE), LUH-GRACE-FO-2020 (GRACE-FO) - Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences: APM-SYSU (GRACE) - HuaZhong University of Science and Technology: HUST-Grace2024 (GRACE & GRACE-FO) - Southern University of Science and Technology, Department of Earth and Space Sciences: SUSTech2025 (GRACE) - Tongji University, College of Surveying and Geo-informatics: Tongji-Grace2022 (GRACE) PCs: - Center for Space Research at University of Texas: CSR RL06 (GRACE), CSR RL06.3 (GRACE-FO) - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory: JPL RL06 (GRACE), JPL RL06.3 (GRACE-FO) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Version History: 4 July 2025: Release of Version 2.1. This is an update of Version 2.0 of the same data set including the following changes: Replacement of Tongji-Grace-Costg (nonofficial release) by Tongji-Grace2022; replacement of HUST-Grace2023 (nonofficial release) by HUST-Grace2024 (currently also not yet officially released); use of GFZ RL06.3, CSR RL06.3, JPL RL06.3 and CNES_GRGS_RL05_CHOL for the entire GRACE-FO period. 25 April 2025: Initial release of the data (Version 2.0).

The Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product (G3P) provides groundwater storage anomalies (GWSA) from a cross-cutting combination of GRACE/GRACE-FO-based terrestrial water storage (TWS) and storage compartments of the water cycle (WSCs) that are part of the Copernicus portfolio. The data set comprises gridded anomalies of groundwater, TWS, and the WSCs glacier, snow, soil moisture and surface water bodies plus layers containing uncertainty information for the individual data products. All WSCs are spatially filtered with a Gaussian filter to be compatible with TWS. Spatial coverage is global, except Greenland and Antarctica, with 0.5-degree resolution. Temporal coverage is from April 2002 to September 2023 with monthly temporal resolution. Gridded data sets are available as NetCDF files containing variables for the parameter value as anomaly in mm equivalent water height and the parameter’s uncertainty as mm equivalent water height. The latest version of the data is visualized at the GravIS portal: https://gravis.gfz-potsdam.de/gws. From GravIS, the data is also available as area averages for several large river basins and aquifers, as well as for climatically similar regions. G3P was funded by the EU Horizon 2020 programme in response to the call LC-SPACE-04-EO-2019-2020 “Copernicus evolution – Research activities in support of cross-cutting applications between Copernicus services” under grant agreement No. 870353. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Version History: 10 March 2023: Release of Version v1.11. That version is the initial release of the data (Güntner et al., 2023; https://doi.org/10.5880/G3P.2023.001) (DATE TO BE ADDED) Release of Version v1.12. Temporal coverage has been extended until September 2023.

More than 20 yr of measurement data of the gravity missions GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) and GRACE-FO (GRACE-Follow-On) allow detailed investigations of long-term trends in continental terrestrial water storage (TWS). However, the spatial resolution of conventional GRACE/GRACE-FO data products is limited to a few hundred kilometres which restrains from investigating hydrological trends at smaller spatial scales. In this study GRACE and GRACE-FO data have been used to calculate TWS trends with maximized spatial resolution. Conventionally, GRACE/GRACE-FO is presented as a series of either unconstrained gravity fields post-processed with spatial low pass filters or constrained inversions commonly known as Mascon products. This paper demonstrates that both approaches to suppress spatially correlated noise are mathematically equivalent. Moreover, we demonstrate that readily inverting all available sensor data from GRACE/GRACE-FO for a single TWS trend map, together with annual variations and a mean gravity field, provides additional spatial detail not accessible from the standard products. The variable trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution as a unique feature of satellite gravimetry allows for gravity products that are tailored towards specific geophysical applications. We show additional signal content in terms of long-term water storage trends for four dedicated examples (Lake Victoria, Northwest India, Bugachany Reservoir and High Plains Aquifer) for which external information from other remote sensing instruments corroborates the enhanced spatial resolution of the new mean-field trend product.

The Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product (G3P) provides groundwater storage anomalies (GWSA) from a cross-cutting combination of GRACE/GRACE-FO-based terrestrial water storage (TWS) and storage compartments of the water cycle (WSCs) that are part of the Copernicus portfolio. The data set comprises gridded anomalies of groundwater, TWS, and the WSCs glacier, snow, soil moisture and surface water bodies plus layers containing uncertainty information for the individual data products. All WSCs are spatially filtered with a Gaussian filter to be compatible with TWS. Spatial coverage is global, except Greenland and Antarctica, with 0.5-degree resolution. Temporal coverage is from April 2002 to December 2020 with monthly temporal resolution. Gridded data sets are available as NetCDF files containing variables for the parameter value as anomaly in mm equivalent water height and the parameter’s uncertainty as mm equivalent water height. The latest version of the data is visualized at the GravIS portal: http://gravis.gfz-potsdam.de/gws. From GravIS, the data is also available as area averages for several large river basins and aquifers, as well as for climatically similar regions. G3P was funded by the EU Horizon 2020 programme in response to the call LC-SPACE-04-EO-2019-2020 “Copernicus evolution – Research activities in support of cross-cutting applications between Copernicus services” under grant agreement No. 870353. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Version History: 10 March 2023: Release of Version v1.11. This is the initial release of the data.

More than 20 yr of measurement data of the gravity missions GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) and GRACE-FO (GRACE-Follow-On) allow detailed investigations of long-term trends in continental terrestrial water storage (TWS). However, the spatial resolution of conventional GRACE/GRACE-FO data products is limited to a few hundred kilometres which restrains from investigating hydrological trends at smaller spatial scales. In this study GRACE and GRACE-FO data have been used to calculate TWS trends with maximized spatial resolution. Conventionally, GRACE/GRACE-FO is presented as a series of either unconstrained gravity fields post-processed with spatial low pass filters or constrained inversions commonly known as Mascon products. This paper demonstrates that both approaches to suppress spatially correlated noise are mathematically equivalent. Moreover, we demonstrate that readily inverting all available sensor data from GRACE/GRACE-FO for a single TWS trend map, together with annual variations and a mean gravity field, provides additional spatial detail not accessible from the standard products. The variable trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution as a unique feature of satellite gravimetry allows for gravity products that are tailored towards specific geophysical applications. We show additional signal content in terms of long-term water storage trends for four dedicated examples (Lake Victoria, Northwest India, Bugachany Reservoir and High Plains Aquifer) for which external information from other remote sensing instruments corroborates the enhanced spatial resolution of the new mean-field trend product.

Operationally combined monthly gravity fields of the GRACE-FO satellite mission in spherical harmonic representation (Level-2 product) generated by the Combination Service for Time-variable Gravity Fields (COST-G; Jäggi et al. (2020):http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1345_2020_109), a product center for time-variable gravity fields of IAG's International Gravity Field Service (IGFS). COST-G_GRACE-FO_RL01_OP is a combination of AIUB-GRACE-FO_op, GFZ-RL06 (GFO), GRGS-RL05 (unconstrained solution), ITSG-Grace_op, LUH-GRACE-FO, CSR-RL06 (GFO) and JPL-RL06 (GFO). The original time-series were provided by the analysis centers (ACs) and partner analysis centers (PCs) of COST-G.

Combined monthly gravity fields of the GRACE satellite mission in spherical harmonic representation (Level-2 product) generated by the Combination Service for Time-variable Gravity Fields (COST-G; Jäggi et al. (2020):http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1345_2020_109), a product center for time-variable gravity fields of IAG's International Gravity Field Service (IGFS). COST-G GRACE RL01 is a combination of AIUB-RL02, GFZ-RL06, GRGS-RL04 (unconstrained solution), ITSG-GRACE2018, and CSR-RL06. The original time-series were provided by the analysis centers (ACs) and partner analysis centers (PCs) of COST-G.

These time series are supplementary material to the paper Kvas and Mayer-Gürr: GRACE gravity field recovery with background model uncertainties.