These tables primarily encompass the mineral abundance, major and trace element compositions, as well as the trace element concentrations of various minerals in three typical karstic bauxite deposits within the North China Craton.

Karstic bauxites were deposited in karstic depressions with varying paleogeographies and iron (Fe) concentrations. The mechanism of the iron cycle in paleokarstic areas is complex and remains poorly understood. We observed that Fe content in the Qingyuan and Mianchi deposits (continental interior and margin, respectively) increased downward along profiles, negatively correlating with δ⁵⁶Fe, which reflects Fe(II) release via reductive leaching. In contrast, the Pingguo deposit shows a positive Fe-Al correlation, suggesting co-enrichment of Fe and Al. Its δ⁵⁶Fe values vary slightly (~+0.08‰), indicating minimal Fe loss. Our results highlight non-uniform Fe leaching over paleokarstic surfaces, with implications for metallogenic efficiency and ecosystem dynamics.

Karstic bauxites were deposited in karstic depressions with varying paleogeographies and iron (Fe) concentrations. The mechanism of the iron cycle in paleokarstic areas is complex and remains poorly understood. We observed that Fe content in the Qingyuan and Mianchi deposits (continental interior and margin, respectively) increased downward along profiles, negatively correlating with δ⁵⁶Fe, which reflects Fe(II) release via reductive leaching. In contrast, the Pingguo deposit shows a positive Fe-Al correlation, suggesting co-enrichment of Fe and Al. Its δ⁵⁶Fe values vary slightly (~+0.08‰), indicating minimal Fe loss. Our results highlight non-uniform Fe leaching over paleokarstic surfaces, with implications for metallogenic efficiency and ecosystem dynamics.

Table 1 Elution scheme for separation of Ga from matrices in geological samples.Table 2 Operating parameters of the MC-ICP-MS (Neptune plus) during Ga isotope measurements.Table 3 Test of influences of matrix elements, acid molarity and concentration mismatch on Ga isotope analysis.Table 4 Gallium isotope compositions of geological reference materials reported in this study and literature.

Table 1 Elution scheme for separation of Ga from matrices in geologic samples.Table 2 Operating parameters of the MC-ICP-MS (Neptune plus) during Ga isotope measurements.Table 3 Test of influences of matrix elements, acid molarity and concentration mismatch on Ga isotopic analysis.Table 4 Gallium isotopic compositions of geological reference materials in this study and literature.

Table 1 Elution scheme for separation of Ga from matrices in geological samples.Table 2 Operating parameters of the MC-ICP-MS (Neptune plus) during Ga isotope measurements.Table 3 Test of influences of matrix elements, acid molarity and concentration mismatch on Ga isotope analysis.Table 4 Gallium isotope compositions of geological reference materials reported in this study and literature.

These tables primarily encompass the mineral abundance, major and trace element compositions, as well as the trace element concentrations of various minerals in three typical karstic bauxite deposits within the North China Craton.

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are extensively studied owing to their high theoretical capacity and low cost. However, the shuttle effect of lithium-sulfur batteries hinders their development. In this study, we obtained a modified separator to inhibit the shuttle effect through physical and chemical adsorption. The CoS₂ nanosheets (CSN_S) derived from a cobalt-based metal-organic framework (Co-MOF) were synthesized by a simple two-step method involving hydrothermal sulfurization and thermal decomposition. The material was then coated onto a Polypropylene (PP) separator using vacuum filtration and assembled into a LSB for systematic testing and research of its electrochemical performance and mechanism. Thanks to the intrinsic polarity of the CSNs and more active sites brought by the Co-MOF material, the modified separator has strong chemical adsorption and catalytic effects on polysulfides, anchoring and accelerating their conversion. When using the CSNs-PP separator, the LSB achieved a high initial capacity of 1002.4 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 C, with only a 0.099% decay per cycle after 500 cycles. The modified separator effectively alleviating the shuttle effect, reducing internal resistance, weakening reaction polarization, and improving the specific capacity, stability, and reversibility of the battery.

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are extensively studied owing to their high theoretical capacity and low cost. However, the shuttle effect of lithium-sulfur batteries hinders their development. In this study, we obtained a modified separator to inhibit the shuttle effect through physical and chemical adsorption. The CoS₂ nanosheets (CSN_S) derived from a cobalt-based metal-organic framework (Co-MOF) were synthesized by a simple two-step method involving hydrothermal sulfurization and thermal decomposition. The material was then coated onto a Polypropylene (PP) separator using vacuum filtration and assembled into a LSB for systematic testing and research of its electrochemical performance and mechanism. Thanks to the intrinsic polarity of the CSNs and more active sites brought by the Co-MOF material, the modified separator has strong chemical adsorption and catalytic effects on polysulfides, anchoring and accelerating their conversion. When using the CSNs-PP separator, the LSB achieved a high initial capacity of 1002.4 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 C, with only a 0.099% decay per cycle after 500 cycles. The modified separator effectively alleviating the shuttle effect, reducing internal resistance, weakening reaction polarization, and improving the specific capacity, stability, and reversibility of the battery.

Due to their high energy density and cost-effective electrode materials, lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs) have been considered as one promising candidate of energy devices. However, the practical application is impeded by the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides and slow redox kinetics of electrode. Here, we report a successful synthesis of CoS₂@SC composite material via in-situ growth and sulfuration pyrolysis method and prepared CoS₂@SC modified separator. The carbon matrix derived from sucrose carbonization with a porous structure promotes the uniform distribution of active adsorption sites. According to Lewis acid–base interaction, CoS₂@SC separator exhibits strong chemisorption of lithium polysulfides, reducing the loss of active material during cycling. Furthermore, the enhanced wettability of the CoS₂@SC separator with the electrolyte accelerates the ion transfer, improving the reaction kinetics. Compared with the blank separator, the cell with CoS₂@SC separator has an initial specific capacity of 1135.5 mAh g⁻¹ and notably, the capacity decay rate of the modified battery is only 0.052% per cycle after 800 long cycles at 0.5 C. This unique attribute ensures enhanced stability and durability of the battery system. Consequently, LSBs with the CoS₂@SC separator exhibit an improved electrochemical performance.