The repository dataset was generated by a transdisciplinary study published in Nature Communications assessing carbon emissions and mitigation potentials from land use changes on peatlands and mangroves in Southeast Asia (Sasmito et al. 2025).For further questions and inquiries about the dataset, contact Sigit Sasmito ([email protected]).The dataset contains the following files:01_SEA Peat and Mangrove Activity Data 2001-2022 is an Excel file containing the annual land use change area of peat swamp forests and mangroves and their new land use replacement.02_SEA Peat and Mangrove Emissions and Uncertainties 2001-2022 is an Excel file contains annual emissions and uncertainty from land use change on peat swamp forests and mangroves by emission sources03 SEA Mangrove Land Use Change 2001-2022 contains the spatial distribution of land uses replacing peat swamp forests across Southeast Asia between 2001-2022. A detailed methodology for how the spatial data is generated is described in the main paper methodology. The file is divided into nine tiles of tif file format covering the Southeast Asia region with digital number values and land use class described as follows:0: No data1: Regrowth PSF2: Tree plantation3: Water4: Other land cover5: Recent deforested and degraded PSF6: Oil palm7: Drainage04 SEA Peatland Land Use Change 2001-2022 contains the spatial distribution of land uses replacing peat swamp forests across Southeast Asia between 2001-2022. A detailed methodology for how the spatial data is generated is described in the main paper methodology. The file is divided into nine tiles of tif file format covering Southeast Asia region with digital number values and land use class described as follows:0: No data1: Bare land2: Regrowth mangrove3: Coastal wetlands4: Aquaculture ponds5: Water6: Other land cover7: Oil palmSuggested citation of the main paper:Sasmito SD, Taillardat P, Adinugroho WC, Krisnawati H, Novita N, Fatoyinbo T, Friess DA, Page SE, Lovelock CE, Murdiyarso D, Taylor D, Lupascu M. Half of land use carbon emissions in Southeast Asia can be mitigated through peat swamp forest and mangrove conservation and restoration. Nature Communications. 16, 740 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-55892-0

The repository dataset was generated by a transdisciplinary study published in Nature Communications assessing carbon emissions and mitigation potentials from land use changes on peatlands and mangroves in Southeast Asia (Sasmito et al. 2025).For further questions and inquiries about the dataset, contact Sigit Sasmito ([email protected]).The dataset contains the following files:01_SEA Peat and Mangrove Activity Data 2001-2022 is an Excel file containing the annual land use change area of peat swamp forests and mangroves and their new land use replacement.02_SEA Peat and Mangrove Emissions and Uncertainties 2001-2022 is an Excel file contains annual emissions and uncertainty from land use change on peat swamp forests and mangroves by emission sources03 SEA Mangrove Land Use Change 2001-2022 contains the spatial distribution of land uses replacing peat swamp forests across Southeast Asia between 2001-2022. A detailed methodology for how the spatial data is generated is described in the main paper methodology. The file is divided into nine tiles of tif file format covering the Southeast Asia region with digital number values and land use class described as follows:0: No data1: Regrowth PSF2: Tree plantation3: Water4: Other land cover5: Recent deforested and degraded PSF6: Oil palm7: Drainage04 SEA Peatland Land Use Change 2001-2022 contains the spatial distribution of land uses replacing peat swamp forests across Southeast Asia between 2001-2022. A detailed methodology for how the spatial data is generated is described in the main paper methodology. The file is divided into nine tiles of tif file format covering Southeast Asia region with digital number values and land use class described as follows:0: No data1: Bare land2: Regrowth mangrove3: Coastal wetlands4: Aquaculture ponds5: Water6: Other land cover7: Oil palmSuggested citation of the main paper:Sasmito SD, Taillardat P, Adinugroho WC, Krisnawati H, Novita N, Fatoyinbo T, Friess DA, Page SE, Lovelock CE, Murdiyarso D, Taylor D, Lupascu M. Half of land use carbon emissions in Southeast Asia can be mitigated through peat swamp forest and mangrove conservation and restoration. Nature Communications. 16, 740 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-55892-0

Tropical peat forests are key ecosystems for conservation and restoration with respect to natural solutions to the climate crisis yet they remain under threat of becoming significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions due to widespread deforestation and land cover change. There is a strong need for accurate quantification of carbon stocks and emissions at scales relevant for participation in carbon markets and nationally determined contributions. Based upon analyses of 125 forests in 4 continents, there was a a broad range in peat depths (20 to 1414 cm) with a mean total ecosystem carbon stock (TECS ) of 2137 Mg C/ha (range of 172 to 9379 Mg C/ha). Among the 47 sampled sites known to be tidally-influenced (i.e., blue carbon ecosystems), TECS ranged widely, from 206 to 5591 Mg C/ha with a mean of 1979 Mg C/ha. Those sites with deep peats (> 7 m depth) have a mean TECS of 4620 ± 395 Mg C/ha and we know of no ecosystems with an equivalent ecosystem carbon stock. Peat soils composed a mean of 86% of TECS, and peat depths were strongly correlated with soil C stocks at continental and global scales (R² >0.80) suggesting inventories that include measurement of peat depth can accurately estimate C stocks. Degradation of peat landscapes comes with a high ecological and social costs. The social carbon costs to future generations associated with the conversion of tropical peat forests to oil palm plantations is conservatively estimated to 9 times the value of the palm oil generated from the conversion. Such costs and values of the tropical peat forests of the world underscore the importance of the conservation and restoration of these wetlands for future generations -an important element of sustainability.

Tropical peat forests are key ecosystems for conservation and restoration with respect to natural solutions to the climate crisis yet they remain under threat of becoming significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions due to widespread deforestation and land cover change. There is a strong need for accurate quantification of carbon stocks and emissions at scales relevant for participation in carbon markets and nationally determined contributions. Based upon analyses of 125 forests in 4 continents, there was a a broad range in peat depths (20 to 1414 cm) with a mean total ecosystem carbon stock (TECS ) of 2137 Mg C/ha (range of 172 to 9379 Mg C/ha). Among the 47 sampled sites known to be tidally-influenced (i.e., blue carbon ecosystems), TECS ranged widely, from 206 to 5591 Mg C/ha with a mean of 1979 Mg C/ha. Those sites with deep peats (> 7 m depth) have a mean TECS of 4620 ± 395 Mg C/ha and we know of no ecosystems with an equivalent ecosystem carbon stock. Peat soils composed a mean of 86% of TECS, and peat depths were strongly correlated with soil C stocks at continental and global scales (R² >0.80) suggesting inventories that include measurement of peat depth can accurately estimate C stocks. Degradation of peat landscapes comes with a high ecological and social costs. The social carbon costs to future generations associated with the conversion of tropical peat forests to oil palm plantations is conservatively estimated to 9 times the value of the palm oil generated from the conversion. Such costs and values of the tropical peat forests of the world underscore the importance of the conservation and restoration of these wetlands for future generations -an important element of sustainability.

The dataset contains carbon stocks and greenhouse gas fluxes data for mangrove blue carbon ecosystems in Indonesia. The data were obtained through the systematic review methodology described in the main paper.

Areas of mangrove restoration in different opportunity scenarios and population by regency in Indonesia.

Areas of mangrove restoration in different opportunity scenarios and population by regency in Indonesia.

The dataset contains carbon stocks and greenhouse gas fluxes data for mangrove blue carbon ecosystems in Indonesia. The data were obtained through the systematic review methodology described in the main paper.

Additional file 1. Warren et al. (2017) an appraisal of Indonesiaâ s immense peat carbon stock using national peatland maps: uncertainties and potential losses from conversion.

Additional file 1. Warren et al. (2017) an appraisal of Indonesiaâ s immense peat carbon stock using national peatland maps: uncertainties and potential losses from conversion.