From community pharmacies to big pharmacy chains: private provision of medicines, health system, and financialization of the Brazilian retail pharmacy market

The provision of medicines in Brazil is marked by the predominance of private expenditures and supply in pharmacies and by the historically liberal regulation of retail drug sales. The first two decades of the 21st century witnessed the expansion and concentration of the retail pharmaceutical sector and growing financialization of the health sector. The article analyzes the characteristics of financialization of Brazilian retail pharmaceutical companies, considering the following three crosscutting dimensions: ownership structure, financial/accounting, and political. Quantitative and qualitative data from various sources were analyzed including ownsership and account informations of the ten biggest Brazilian retail pharmacies chains and political action of four business associations. The information collected was stored in the source project database. The ownership structure dimension revealed verticalization, diversification, capitalization via financial and shareholding operations, intensification of mergers and acquisitions, opening of pharmacy branches, entry of investors, and changes in internal management and organization. The financial/accounting dimension revealed an increase in size (revenues, assets, net worth) and good performance (return on equity capital, capital turnover, and third-party capital) of the networks compared to Brazilian companies and health companies. The policy arena revealed both clashes and collaborations between representative associations and government (Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary), depending on the issue, with outcomes that were generally favorable to the pharmaceutical sector and leadership by the Brazilian Association of Pharmacy and Drugstore Networks (Abrafarma). The financialization of the retail pharmaceutical companies’ accumulation pattern and the strengthening of their political action proved relevant for understanding the changes in the provision of medicines and in the pharmaceutical market.