Suicidal behaviors among intravenous drug users: a meta-analysis

Suicidal behaviors including ideations and attempts may ultimately lead to suicide especially among intravenous drug users (IVDUs). The present study assessed the prevalence, sociodemographic characteristics, risky behaviors, mental health conditions, and type of drug use associated with suicidal behaviors among IVDUs. Studies in English published from January 1, 1995 to February 1, 2022 were searched on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science to identify papers on variables associated with suicidal behaviors (ideation and attempts) among IVDUs. Out of 10,795 papers, 21 studies met the eligibility criteria. Among IVDUs, the findings indicated a past-year pooled prevalence rate of 35% for suicide ideations (95% CI, 22%–48%) and 25% for suicide attempts (95% CI, 13%–36%). Generally, suicide ideations were associated with being homeless, having a previous history of physical and sexual abuse, and depression. Suicide attempts were associated with being female, having a previous history of physical and sexual abuse, having depression or other mental health disorders (e.g., anxiety, stress, and serious mental health disorders), and having cocaine, methamphetamine, sedative-hypnotic, and polysubstance use disorders. Integrated treatment and assertive community treatment approaches may be promoted to prevent suicidal behaviors. Such programs can be implemented for referring individuals to receive suicide attempt-concerned interventions and motivational therapy.