Supplementary information and data for "A quantitative evaluation of the impacts of human land modification on raptors globally"

Raptors are threatened by anthropogenic land modifications, but targeted assessment of these impacts is lacking. We provide the first global quantitative evaluation of the impacts of human-modified land on raptors. We found that 66.4% of raptors were impacted negatively by at least one kind of human-modified land, while 44.6% benefitted from at least one human-modified landscape. Settlements had the largest negative effect (83.2%) on raptor occupancy, followed by pasture (58.7%) and cropland (48.8%). The impacts of anthropogenic land modification proved species-specific and spatially heterogeneous, and largely dependent on the species’ trophic niche. Large raptors are more vulnerable to land modification than smaller species; raptors that prefer dense habitats and species with smaller ranges are more likely to be negatively impacted by human-modified land. Our study provides much-needed information for raptor conservation highlighting the need to increase habitat heterogeneity in human-dominated landscapes.