Growth, neurodevelopmental outcomes and micronutrient intake in 18-month-old South African children with maternal HIV exposure and placental insufficiency: the UmbiGodisa cross-sectional study

We assessed and compared growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes and micronutrient intakes in children who are HIV-exposed-and-uninfected (CHEU) and children who are HIV-unexposed-and-uninfected (CHUU) born with or without IUGR. At 18 months of age, 264 mother-child pairs were followed-up and categorized into four subgroups: CHUU with normal UmA-RI (CHUU/N-RI), CHEU with normal UmA-RI (CHEU/N-RI), CHUU with abnormal UmA-RI (CHUU/AbN-RI) and CHEU with abnormal UmA-RI (CHEU/AbN-RI). Anthropometry measurements and z-scores were performed and computed according to standard procedures. International Guide for Monitoring Child Development (GMCD) was used for developmental screening and Bayley-III to test for cognitive, language and motor development at the corrected age.