Exploring the Phytochemical, Proximate, Toxicological, Hepatoprotective, and Therapeutic Potential of Aqueous Extract of Hamelia patens Leaves against CCl4-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Albino Rats

GC-MS analysis (Table 6) identified several compounds, including β-bisabolene and linalool, which contribute to the distinctive aroma of the plant and may have pharmacological properties. The chromatogram (Fig 3.1) visually represents the chemical composition of the plant extract.The impact of the extract on liver biomarkers (Table 8a) in CCl4-induced hepatotoxic rats demonstrated significant reductions in AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin levels, suggesting a hepatoprotective effect. The antioxidant biomarkers (Table 9a) showed increased levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT, indicating improved antioxidant defense mechanisms. The lipid profile (Table 10a) revealed protective effects on TC, TG, HDL, and non-significant changes in LDL.Hematological parameters (Table 11) exhibited a significant increase in RBC, Hb, and PCV in extract-treated groups compared to the negative control, suggesting potential benefits on blood parameters. Renal biomarkers (Table 15) showed a significant decrease in urea and creatinine levels, indicating a protective effect on kidney function in male animals.