Identification and prediction of differentially expressed microRNAs associated with detoxification pathways in larvae of <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>

Spodoptera frugiperda poses a severe threat to crops, causing substantial economic losses. Increased use of chemical pesticides has led to resistance in S. frugiperda populations. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal in insect growth and development. This study aims to identify miRNAs across different developmental stages of S. frugiperda to explore differential expression and predict target gene functions. High-throughput sequencing of miRNAs was conducted on eggs, 3rd instar larvae, pupae, and adults.