Super pangenome of<i> Vitis</i> empowers identification of downy mildew resistance genes for grapevine improvement

Grapevine (Vitis) is one of the oldest domesticated fruit crops with great cultural and economic importance. Here, we assembled and annotated haplotype-resolved genomes of 72 global Vitis accessions including 25 wild and 47 cultivated grapevines, among which genomes for 60 grapevines are newly released. Haplotype-aware phylogenomics disentangled the mysterious hybridization history of grapevines, revealing enormous genetic diversity of Vitis genus. Pangenomic analysis reveals that European cultivars, more susceptible to the most destructive disease downy mildew (DM), have a smaller repertoire of resistance genes in NLR family encoding the TIR-NBARC-LRR domain. Through extensive structural variation (SV) characterization, phenotyping, DM-infection transcriptome profiling of 113 Vitis accessions, and SV-eQTL analysis, we have identified over 63 SVs and their relevant genes significantly associated with DM resistance, exemplified by a lysine histidine transporter, VvLHT8. This haplotype-resolved super pangenome of Vitis genus will accelerate breeding and enrich our understanding of the evolution and biology of grapevines.