Dataset for: Australopithecus at Sterkfontein did not consume substantial mammalian meat

Incorporation of animal-based foods into early hominin diets has been hypothesized as a major catalyst of important evolutionary events, including brain expansion. However, direct evidence of the onset and evolution of animal resource consumption in hominins remains elusive. The nitrogen-15-to-nitrogen-14 ratio of collagen provides trophic information about individuals in modern and geologically recent (<200,000 year) ecosystems, but diagenetic loss of this organic matter precludes studies of greater age. In contrast, nitrogen within tooth enamel is preserved for millions of years. Here, we report enamel-bound organic nitrogen and carbonate carbon isotope measurements of Sterkfontein Member 4 mammalian fauna, including seven Australopithecus specimens. Our results suggest a variable but plant-based diet (largely C3) for these hominins. Therefore, we argue that Australopithecus at Sterkfontein did not engage in regular mammalian meat consumption.