The essential role of heparan sulfate in the entry of PDCoV and other porcine coronaviruses

Figure 1. The effect of heparin sodium treatment on PDCoV infection.Figure 2. Heparin sodium treatment inhibits infection by multiple coronaviruses. Figure 3. The effect of mitoxantrone treatment on PDCoV infection.Figure 4. The effects of genetic ablation of HS biosynthesis genes on PDCoV infection. Figure 5. SLC35B2, EXT1 and NDST1 HS biosynthesis genes are required for efficient infection by PEDV, SADS-CoV and TGEV.Figure 6. SLC35B2, EXT1 and NDST1 gene KO in LLC-PK1 cells reduces PDCoV attachment.Figure 7. Impact of the overexpression of HS biosynthesis genes on porcine coronavirus infection.Figure S1. Heparin sodium treatment showed no inhibitory effect on VSV infection.Figure S2. Mitoxantrone exhibits a stronger inhibitory effect on the viral entry stage than on post-entry stages. Figure S3. Effect of mitoxantrone treatment on PDCoV dsRNA formation.Figure S4. Mitoxantrone treatment inhibits infection by multiple coronaviruses. Figure S5. Mitoxantrone treatment of cells had no significant effect on VSV infection.Figure S6. Effect of genetic ablation of HS biosynthesis genes on HS expression. Figure S7. Overexpression of HS biosynthesis genes had no significant effect on VSV infection.