MODERN STRATEGIES IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS: ASYMMETRIC CATALYSIS, CROSS-COUPLING, MULTICOMPONENT REACTIONS, AND GREEN CHEMISTRY METRICS

Background: Organic synthesis underpins the discovery and production of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials. The field has undergone a paradigm shift from stoichiometric reagent-based methods toward catalytic, atom-economical, and enantioselective strategies. The development of asymmetric organocatalysis, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling, olefin metathesis, multicomponent reactions, and continuous flow processing has collectively reduced waste, improved selectivity, and enabled the construction of molecular complexity previously inaccessible.