This study analyzed 234 complete chloroplast genomes, comprising 220 new and 14 previously published sequences across 206 species, subspecies, and varieties worldwide. The phylogeny of Scutellaria, based on the most comprehensive sample collection to date and complete chloroplast genome analysis, has significantly enhanced our understanding of its infrageneric relationships. The extensive examination of chloroplast genome characteristics establishes a solid foundation for the future development and utilization of Scutellaria, an important medicinal plant globally.

This study analyzed 234 complete chloroplast genomes, comprising 220 new and 14 previously published sequences across 206 species, subspecies, and varieties worldwide. The phylogeny of Scutellaria, based on the most comprehensive sample collection to date and complete chloroplast genome analysis, has significantly enhanced our understanding of its infrageneric relationships. The extensive examination of chloroplast genome characteristics establishes a solid foundation for the future development and utilization of Scutellaria, an important medicinal plant globally.

BMECs were treated with or without IFN-γ (10 ng/ mL) (Kingfisher Biotech, St. Paul, Brazil, RP0013B-100) for 24 h. Total RNA was extracted from the control BMECs (NC) and IFN-γ-treated the fifth generation BMECs (N05) and IFN-γ-treated the 20th generation BMECs (N20). The cells were washed with PBS for three times after discarded the supernatant. According to the instructions, the cells were lysed by RNAiso plus (TaKaRa, Japan) and placed at room temperature for 5 min, and chloroform was added in. After centrifugation at 12000 g, the supernatant was taken out and mixed with isopropyl alcohol in equal volume and then waited for 10 min and centrifuged. The precipitate was collected and washed with 75% ethanol, stored at − 80 °C as the total RNA. RNA-seq analysis was performed only on samples that met the manufacturer’s standards. RNA was sequenced using Illumina HiSeqTM 4000. Finally, the differentially expressed genes screened out.

BMECs were treated with or without IFN-γ (10 ng/ mL) (Kingfisher Biotech, St. Paul, Brazil, RP0013B-100) for 24 h. Total RNA was extracted from the control BMECs (NC) and IFN-γ-treated the fifth generation BMECs (N05) and IFN-γ-treated the 20th generation BMECs (N20). The cells were washed with PBS for three times after discarded the supernatant. According to the instructions, the cells were lysed by RNAiso plus (TaKaRa, Japan) and placed at room temperature for 5 min, and chloroform was added in. After centrifugation at 12000 g, the supernatant was taken out and mixed with isopropyl alcohol in equal volume and then waited for 10 min and centrifuged. The precipitate was collected and washed with 75% ethanol, stored at − 80 °C as the total RNA. RNA-seq analysis was performed only on samples that met the manufacturer’s standards. RNA was sequenced using Illumina HiSeqTM 4000. Finally, the differentially expressed genes screened out.